Noam Chomsky Zitate

seite 8

„Die Bürger demokratischer Gesellschaften sollten Kurse für geistige Selbstverteidigung besuchen, um sich gegen Manipulation und Kontrolle wehren zu können.“

„Der kluge Weg, Menschen passiv und gehorsam zu halten, besteht darin, das Spektrum akzeptabler Meinungen streng einzuschränken, aber eine sehr lebhafte Debatte innerhalb dieses Spektrums zuzulassen - und sogar kritischere und dissidenten Ansichten zu fördern. Das gibt den Menschen das Gefühl, dass freies Denken im Gange ist, während die Voraussetzungen des Systems durch die Grenzen der Debatten immer weiter verschärft werden.“

„Der schlaueste Weg, Menschen passiv und gehorsam zu halten, ist, das Spektrum an akzeptabler Meinung streng zu beschränken, aber eine sehr lebhafte Debatte innerhalb dieses Spektrums zu ermöglichen – sogar die kritischeren und die Ansichten der Dissidenten zu fördern. Das gibt den Menschen ein Gefühl, dass es ein freies Denken gibt, während die Voraussetzungen des Systems durch die Grenzen der Diskussion gestärkt werden.“

„Ich war mir nie einer anderen Möglichkeit bewusst, als die, alles in Frage zu stellen.“

„Jeder mächtige Staat verlässt sich auf Spezialisten, deren Aufgabe es ist, zu zeigen, dass das, was die Starken tun, nobel und gerecht ist, und dass es die Schuld der Schwachen ist, wenn diese leiden. Im Westen nennt man diese Spezialisten "Intellektuelle", und sie, mit kaum nennenswerten Ausnahmen, erfüllen ihre Aufgabe mit großer Fertigkeit und Selbstgerechtigkeit, egal wie lachhaft ihre Behauptungen sind, in dieser Praxis, die sich bis zu den Ursprüngen aufgezeichneter Geschichte zurückverfolgen lässt.“

„Dieser Konsumismus gründet darin, dass wir eine Gesellschaft sind, die von Geschäftsinteressen dominiert wird. Es gibt eine massive Propaganda, die jedermann zum Konsum anhält. Konsum ist gut für die Gewinne, und Konsum ist gut für das politische Establishment. […] Konsum lenkt die Menschen ab. Die eigene Gesellschaft lässt sich schlecht mit der Armee kontrollieren, aber sie lässt sich durch Konsum ablenken. Die Wirtschaftspresse ist da deutlich zielgerichtet.“

„Es ist durchaus möglich, überwältigend wahrscheinlich, könnte man vermuten, dass wir über das Leben und die Persönlichkeiten von Menschen stets mehr aus Romanen lernen werden, als von der wissenschaftlichen Psychologie.“

„Der schlaueste Weg, Menschen passiv und folgsam zu halten, ist, das Spektrum akzeptierter Meinungen strikt zu limitieren, aber innerhalb dieses Spektrums sehr lebhafte Debatten zu erlauben.“

„Mein Augenmerk liegt vor allem auf dem Terrorismus und der Gewalt, die von meinem eigenen Staat ausgeführt werden, aus zwei Gründen. Erstens, weil es den Hauptteil internationaler Gewalt ausmacht. Aber auch aus einem viel wichtigeren Grund; nämlich, dass ich etwas dagegen tun can. Selbst wenn die Vereinigten Staaten für nur zwei Prozent der Gewalt in der Welt verantwortlich wären, wären das die zwei Prozent für die ich vor allem verantwortlich wäre. Und dies ist eine simple ethische Beurteilung. Das heißt, der ethische Wert unserer Handlungen hängt von ihren erwarteten und vorhersehbaren Konsequenzen ab. Es ist sehr einfach, die Abscheulichkeiten anderer zu verdammen. Das hat ungefähr so viel ethischen Wert wie Gräueltaten, die im Achtzehnten Jahrhundert stattfanden, zu verurteilen.“

„Die intellektuelle Welt ist zutiefst konformistisch.“

„Mutwilliges Töten unschuldiger Zivilisten ist Terrorismus und kein Krieg gegen den Terrorismus.“

„Indoktrination ist keineswegs inkompatibel mit der Demokratie. Vielmehr […] ihre Essenz. […] Ohne Knüppel, ohne Kontrolle durch Gewalt […] muß man das Denken kontrollieren. Dazu greift man zu dem, was in ehrlicheren Zeiten Propaganda genannt wurde.“

„Alle machen sich Gedanken, wie man Terrorismus beenden kann. Nun, es gibt einen wirklich einfachen Weg: indem man damit aufhört, daran teilzunehmen.“

„Der effektivste Weg, Demokratie zu beschränken, ist das Treffen von Entscheidungen von der öffentlichen Sphäre hin zu Institutionen zu verlagern, die nicht zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden können: Könige und Prinzen, Priesterkasten, Militärjuntas, Parteidiktaturen, oder moderne Unternehmen.“

„Optimismus ist eine Strategie für eine bessere Zukunft. Denn wenn Sie nicht glauben, dass die Zukunft besser sein kann, dann werden sie auch nicht aufstehen und die Verantwortung dafür übernehmen.“

„Die größten bekannten Terrorakte gehen von Washington aus.“

„Leute mit Macht verstehen genau eine Sache: Gewalt.“

„Wir sollten nicht nach Helden suchen, wir sollten nach guten Ideen suchen.“

„Wenn die USA ihre unvergleichliche Macht tatsächlich um der Menschheit willen ausüben, dann hat die Menschheit dabei ein gewisses Mitspracherecht.“

„Die erste Pflicht der Regierenden ist es die Minderheit der Wohlhabenden gegen die Mehrheit zu schützen.“

„Die Schule erzieht zur Dummheit.“

„In den Vereinigten Staaten ist das politische System nur am Rande von Bedeutung. Es gibt zwei sogenannte Parteien, aber sie sind in Wirklichkeit Fraktionen der gleichen Partei, der Geschäftspartei. Beide repräsentieren eine Reihe von Geschäftsinteressen. Sie können sogar ihre Positionen um 180 Grad wenden, ohne dass es überhaupt jemand merkt.“

„Wir glauben nicht an die Meinungsfreiheit, wenn wir sie
nicht auch den Leuten zugestehen, die wir verachten.“

„Was kann man über ein Land sagen, in dem ein wissenschaftliches Museum in einer großen Stadt ein Ausstellungsstück hat, wo die Leute von einem Helikopter aus mit einem Maschinengewehr auf Hütten in Vietnam feuern, mit aufblitzendem Licht, wenn ein Treffer gelandet wird? Was kann man über ein Land sagen, in dem solch eine Idee überhaupt nur in Erwägung gezogen wird? Man muß um dieses Land weinen.“

„Entweder wiederholt man dieselben konventionellen Doktrinen wie jedermann, oder man sagt etwas Wahres, und das klingt dann,
wie wenn es vom Neptun wäre.“

„Das Volk gilt der Regierung als gefährlicher Feind, der um seines eigenen besten Willens kontrolliert werden muss.“

„Die intellektuelle Tradition ist eine des Buckelns vor Macht, und wenn ich sie nicht betrügen würde, würde ich mich meiner selbst schämen.“

„Farblose grüne Ideen schlafen wütend.“

„Die Kultur der Terrors zielt darauf ab, die Hoffnungen der Mehrheit auf Alternativen zu den Vorstellungen der Herrschenden zu zähmen.“

„Die Bush-Regierung hat sehr wohl moralische Werte. Ihre moralischen Werte sind sehr explizit: poliere die Stiefel der Reichen und Mächtigen, trete allen anderen in's Gesicht, and lass die Enkelkinder dafür zahlen. Dieses einfache Prinzip schreibt fast alles vor, das geschieht.“

„Eine Schwierigkeit der Psychologie liegt in der Vertrautheit der Phänomene, über die sie handelt.“

„Es ist kein radikaler Islam, der die USA beunruhigt - es ist Unabhängigkeit.“

„Die amerikanische Gesellschaft ist heute zivilisierter als früher. Das verdanken wir der Entwicklung in den sechziger Jahren. Unsere Gesellschaft, und auch die in Europa, wurde damals freier, offener, demokratischer und damit für viele furchteinflößend. Dafür wurde diese Generation verurteilt. Aber es hat Wirkung gezeigt.“

„Erziehung ist ein System der aufgezwungenen Ignoranz.“

„Washington und seine Alliierten bleiben bei dem bewährten Prinzip, dass Demokratie nur akzeptabel ist, solange sie sich strategischen und wirtschaftlichen Zielen unterordnet: gut in feindlichen Gebieten (bis zu einem gewissen Punkt), aber bitte nicht in unserem Hinterhof, außer wenn sie ausreichend gezähmt ist.“

“Even today, as regards East Timor, where our brutal Indonesian satellite (authors of the 1965-1966 butcheries) have very possibly killed as many people as did the Khmer Rouge, there is a virtually complete blackout of information in the Free Press. This is a bloodbath carried out by a friendly power and is thus of little interest to our readers. It is a “benign bloodbath” in our terminology.”

“If we try to keep a sense of balance, the exposures of the past several months are analogous to the discovery that the directors of Murder, Inc. were also cheating on their income tax. Reprehensible, to be sure, but hardly the main point.”

“The central doctrine of Cartesian linguistics is that the general features of grammatical structure are common to all languages and reflect certain fundamental properties of the mind.”

“There's a good reason why nobody studies history. It just teaches you too much.”

“Perhaps this is an obvious point, but the democratic postulate is that the media are independent and committed to discovering and reporting the truth, and that they do not merely reflect the world as powerful groups wish it to be perceived. Leaders of the media claim that their new choices rest on unbiased professional and objective criteria, and they have support for this contention in the intellectual community. If, however, the powerful are able to fix the premises of discourse, to decide what the general populace is allowed to see, hear, and think about, and to “manage” public opinion by regular propaganda campaigns, the standard view of how the system works is at serious odds with reality.”

“Personally I'm very much opposed to Hamas' policies in almost every respect. However, we should recognize that the policies of Hamas are more forthcoming and more conducive to a peaceful settlement than those of the United States or Israel. … So, for example, Hamas has called for a long-term indefinite truce on the international border. There is a long-standing international consensus that goes back over thirty years that there should be a two-state political settlement on the international border, the pre-June 1967 border, with minor and mutual modifications. That's the official phrase. Hamas is willing to accept that as a long-term truce. The United States and Israel are unwilling even to consider it… The demand on Hamas by the United States and the European Union and Israel […] is first that they recognize the State of Israel. Actually, that they recognize its right to exist. Well, Israel and the U. S. certainly don't recognize the right of Palestine to exist, nor recognize any state of Palestine. In fact, they have been acting consistently to undermine any such possibility. The second condition is that Hamas must renounce violence. Israel and the United States certainly do not renounce violence. The third condition is that Hamas accept international agreements. The United States and Israel reject international agreements. So, though the policies of Hamas are, again in my view, unacceptable, they happen to be closer to the international consensus on a political peaceful settlement than those of their antagonists, and it's a reflection of the power of the imperial states - the United States and Europe - that they are able to shift the framework, so that the problem appears to be Hamas' policies, and not the more extreme policies of the United States and Israel… And we must remember that in their case it's not just policies. It's not words - it's actions.”

“Cuba has probably been the target of more international terrorism than the rest of the world combined and, therefore, in the American ideological system it is regarded as the source of international terrorism, exactly as Orwell would have predicted.”

“The question of whether a computer is playing chess, or doing long division, or translating Chinese, is like the question of whether robots can murder or airplanes can fly -- or people; after all, the "flight" of the Olympic long jump champion is only an order of magnitude short of that of the chicken champion (so I'm told). These are questions of decision, not fact; decision as to whether to adopt a certain metaphoric extension of common usage.”

“Stability means we run it. There are countries that are very stable. Cuba is stable, but that’s not called stability.”

“We might add now that we do have an authoritative account of why the United States bombed Serbia in 1999. It comes from Strobe Talbott, now the director of the Brookings Institution, but in 1999 he was in charge of the State Department-Pentagon team that supervised the diplomacy in the affair. He wrote the introduction to a recent book by his Director of Communications, John Norris, which presents the position of the Clinton administration at the time of the bombing. Norris writes that "it was Yugoslavia's resistance to the broader trends of political and economic reform - not the plight of Kosovar Albanians - that best explains NATO's war". In brief, they were resisting absorption into the U. S. dominated international socioeconomic system. Talbott adds that thanks to John Norris, anyone interested in the war in Kosovo "will know … how events looked and felt at the time to those of us who were involved" in the war, actually directing it. This authoritative explanation will come as no surprise at all to students of international affairs who are more interested in fact than rhetoric. And it will also come as no surprise, to those familiar with intellectual life, that the attack continues to be hailed as a grand achievement of humanitarian intervention, despite massive Western documentation to the contrary, and now an explicit denial at the highest level; which will change nothing, it's not the way intellectual life works.”

“The threat of China is not military. The threat of China is they can't be intimidated… Europe you can intimidate. When the US tries to get people to stop investing in Iran, European companies pull out, China disregards it. You look at history and understand why — they've been around for 4,000 years, they have contempt for the barbarians, they just don't give a damn. OK, you scream, we'll go ahead and take over a big piece of Saudi or Iranian oil. And that's the threat, you can't intimidate them — it's driving people in Washington berserk. But, you know, of all the major powers, they've been the least aggressive militarily.”

“Obama's now conducting the world's greatest international terrorist campaign – the drones and special forces campaign. It's also a terror-generating campaign. The common understanding at the highest level [is] that these actions generate potential terrorists. I'll quote General Stanley McChrystal, Petraeus' predecessor. He says that "for every innocent person you kill", and there are plenty of them, "you create ten new enemies."”

“Most problems of teaching are not problems of growth but helping cultivate growth. As far as I know, and this is only from personal experience in teaching, I think about ninety percent of the problem in teaching, or maybe ninety-eight percent, is just to help the students get interested. Or what it usually amounts to is to not prevent them from being interested. Typically they come in interested, and the process of education is a way of driving that defect out of their minds. But if children['s] […] normal interest is maintained or even aroused, they can do all kinds of things in ways we don't understand.”

“I don't say you're self-censoring - I'm sure you believe everything you're saying; but what I'm saying is, if you believed something different, you wouldn't be sitting where you're sitting.”

“Dayan's correct assumption was that the boss in Washington might object formally, but with a wink, and would continue to provide the decisive military, economic and diplomatic support for the criminal endeavors. The criminality has been underscored by repeated Security Council resolutions, more recently by the International Court of Justice, with the basic agreement of U. S. Justice Thomas Buergenthal in a separate declaration. Israel's actions also violate U. N. Security Council resolutions concerning Jerusalem. But everything is fine as long as Washington winks.”

“[The "liberal media"] love to be denounced from the right, and the right loves to denounce them, because that makes them look like courageous defenders of freedom and independence while, in fact, they are imposing all of the presuppositions of the propaganda system.”

“In the American Jewish community, there is little willingness to face the fact that the Palestinian Arabs have suffered a monstrous historical injustice, whatever one may think of the competing claims. Until this is recognized, discussion of the Middle East crisis cannot even begin.”

“I mentioned the Magna Carta. That’s the foundations of modern law. We will soon be commemorating the 800th anniversary. We won’t be celebrating it – more likely interring what little is left of its bones after the flesh has been picked off by Bush and Obama and their colleagues in Europe.”

“It is only in folk tales, children's stories, and the journals of intellectual opinion that power is used wisely and well to destroy evil. The real world teaches very different lessons, and it takes willful and dedicated ignorance to fail to perceive them.”

“As for drugs, my impression is that their effect was almost completely negative, simply removing people from meaningful struggle and engagement. Just the other day I was sitting in a radio studio waiting for a satellite arrangement abroad to be set up. The engineers were putting together interviews with Bob Dylan from about 1966-7 or so (judging by the references), and I was listening (I'd never heard him talk before — if you can call that talking). He sounded as though he was so drugged he was barely coherent, but the message got through clearly enough through the haze. He said over and over that he'd been through all of this protest thing, realized it was nonsense, and that the only thing that was important was to live his own life happily and freely, not to "mess around with other people's lives" by working for civil and human rights, ending war and poverty, etc. He was asked what he thought about the Berkeley "free speech movement" and said that he didn't understand it. He said something like: "I have free speech, I can do what I want, so it has nothing to do with me. Period."”

“For those who stubbornly seek freedom around the world, there can be no more urgent task than to come to understand the mechanisms and practices of indoctrination. These are easy to perceive in the totalitarian societies, much less so in the propaganda system to which we are subjected and in which all too often we serve as unwilling or unwitting instruments.”

“There is a history of Christianity: the first three centuries of Christianity, it was a radical pacifist religion, which is why it was persecuted. It was the religion of the poor and the suffering, and Jesus was the symbol of the poor and the suffering. …
In the fourth century, it was taken over by the Roman Empire. Emperor Constantine turned the church into the religion of the persecutors.”

“…the argument is that by bombing at a time when most of the atrocities were attributed to the KLA guerrillas, with the anticipation that the bombing would lead to far worse atrocities, NATO was preventing atrocities. The fact that this is the strongest argument that can be contrived by serious analysts, and I stress serious because there's plenty of nonsense, that tells us a good deal about the decision to bomb, particularly when we recall that there apparently were diplomatic options.”

“The big debate in Washington is totally pointless. And the media, about whether Bush downgraded terror in order to invade Iraq. There's nothing to debate. He invaded Iraq. That proves beyond doubt that he downgraded the threat of terror in favor of invading Iraq. They anticipated, and their own intelligence agencies told them, and everyone else did too, that invasion of Iraq was likely to increase the threat of terror. It's not a high priority, so they invaded Iraq because that's much higher priority.”

“Intrinsic (psychological) structure is rich... and diverse.”

“In certain intellectual circles in France, the very basis for discussion—a minimal respect for facts and logic—has been virtually abandoned.”

“I was very much involved in the resistance movement in the 1960's. In fact, I was just barely -- the only reason I missed a long jail sentence is because the Tet Offensive came along and the trials were called off.”

“It is not that I am not a fan of American exceptionalism. That is like saying I am not a fan of the moon being made out of green cheese—it does not exist. Powerful states have quite typically considered themselves to be exceptionally magnificent, and the United States is no exception to that. The basis for it ["it" meaning American exceptionalism] is not very substantial to put it politely. The problems with American foreign policy are rooted in its central nature, which we know about or can know about if we want to.”

“Incidentally, I don't say it [the US electoral system] is a charade; there are differences in the parties—I don’t think they're great differences, but they're real, and small differences in a system of great power can have enormous consequences.”