Noam Chomsky Zitate

seite 7

„Die Bürger demokratischer Gesellschaften sollten Kurse für geistige Selbstverteidigung besuchen, um sich gegen Manipulation und Kontrolle wehren zu können.“

„Der kluge Weg, Menschen passiv und gehorsam zu halten, besteht darin, das Spektrum akzeptabler Meinungen streng einzuschränken, aber eine sehr lebhafte Debatte innerhalb dieses Spektrums zuzulassen - und sogar kritischere und dissidenten Ansichten zu fördern. Das gibt den Menschen das Gefühl, dass freies Denken im Gange ist, während die Voraussetzungen des Systems durch die Grenzen der Debatten immer weiter verschärft werden.“

„Der schlaueste Weg, Menschen passiv und gehorsam zu halten, ist, das Spektrum an akzeptabler Meinung streng zu beschränken, aber eine sehr lebhafte Debatte innerhalb dieses Spektrums zu ermöglichen – sogar die kritischeren und die Ansichten der Dissidenten zu fördern. Das gibt den Menschen ein Gefühl, dass es ein freies Denken gibt, während die Voraussetzungen des Systems durch die Grenzen der Diskussion gestärkt werden.“

„Ich war mir nie einer anderen Möglichkeit bewusst, als die, alles in Frage zu stellen.“

„Jeder mächtige Staat verlässt sich auf Spezialisten, deren Aufgabe es ist, zu zeigen, dass das, was die Starken tun, nobel und gerecht ist, und dass es die Schuld der Schwachen ist, wenn diese leiden. Im Westen nennt man diese Spezialisten "Intellektuelle", und sie, mit kaum nennenswerten Ausnahmen, erfüllen ihre Aufgabe mit großer Fertigkeit und Selbstgerechtigkeit, egal wie lachhaft ihre Behauptungen sind, in dieser Praxis, die sich bis zu den Ursprüngen aufgezeichneter Geschichte zurückverfolgen lässt.“

„Dieser Konsumismus gründet darin, dass wir eine Gesellschaft sind, die von Geschäftsinteressen dominiert wird. Es gibt eine massive Propaganda, die jedermann zum Konsum anhält. Konsum ist gut für die Gewinne, und Konsum ist gut für das politische Establishment. […] Konsum lenkt die Menschen ab. Die eigene Gesellschaft lässt sich schlecht mit der Armee kontrollieren, aber sie lässt sich durch Konsum ablenken. Die Wirtschaftspresse ist da deutlich zielgerichtet.“

„Es ist durchaus möglich, überwältigend wahrscheinlich, könnte man vermuten, dass wir über das Leben und die Persönlichkeiten von Menschen stets mehr aus Romanen lernen werden, als von der wissenschaftlichen Psychologie.“

„Der schlaueste Weg, Menschen passiv und folgsam zu halten, ist, das Spektrum akzeptierter Meinungen strikt zu limitieren, aber innerhalb dieses Spektrums sehr lebhafte Debatten zu erlauben.“

„Mein Augenmerk liegt vor allem auf dem Terrorismus und der Gewalt, die von meinem eigenen Staat ausgeführt werden, aus zwei Gründen. Erstens, weil es den Hauptteil internationaler Gewalt ausmacht. Aber auch aus einem viel wichtigeren Grund; nämlich, dass ich etwas dagegen tun can. Selbst wenn die Vereinigten Staaten für nur zwei Prozent der Gewalt in der Welt verantwortlich wären, wären das die zwei Prozent für die ich vor allem verantwortlich wäre. Und dies ist eine simple ethische Beurteilung. Das heißt, der ethische Wert unserer Handlungen hängt von ihren erwarteten und vorhersehbaren Konsequenzen ab. Es ist sehr einfach, die Abscheulichkeiten anderer zu verdammen. Das hat ungefähr so viel ethischen Wert wie Gräueltaten, die im Achtzehnten Jahrhundert stattfanden, zu verurteilen.“

„Die intellektuelle Welt ist zutiefst konformistisch.“

„Mutwilliges Töten unschuldiger Zivilisten ist Terrorismus und kein Krieg gegen den Terrorismus.“

„Indoktrination ist keineswegs inkompatibel mit der Demokratie. Vielmehr […] ihre Essenz. […] Ohne Knüppel, ohne Kontrolle durch Gewalt […] muß man das Denken kontrollieren. Dazu greift man zu dem, was in ehrlicheren Zeiten Propaganda genannt wurde.“

„Alle machen sich Gedanken, wie man Terrorismus beenden kann. Nun, es gibt einen wirklich einfachen Weg: indem man damit aufhört, daran teilzunehmen.“

„Der effektivste Weg, Demokratie zu beschränken, ist das Treffen von Entscheidungen von der öffentlichen Sphäre hin zu Institutionen zu verlagern, die nicht zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden können: Könige und Prinzen, Priesterkasten, Militärjuntas, Parteidiktaturen, oder moderne Unternehmen.“

„Optimismus ist eine Strategie für eine bessere Zukunft. Denn wenn Sie nicht glauben, dass die Zukunft besser sein kann, dann werden sie auch nicht aufstehen und die Verantwortung dafür übernehmen.“

„Die größten bekannten Terrorakte gehen von Washington aus.“

„Leute mit Macht verstehen genau eine Sache: Gewalt.“

„Wir sollten nicht nach Helden suchen, wir sollten nach guten Ideen suchen.“

„Wenn die USA ihre unvergleichliche Macht tatsächlich um der Menschheit willen ausüben, dann hat die Menschheit dabei ein gewisses Mitspracherecht.“

„Die erste Pflicht der Regierenden ist es die Minderheit der Wohlhabenden gegen die Mehrheit zu schützen.“

„Die Schule erzieht zur Dummheit.“

„In den Vereinigten Staaten ist das politische System nur am Rande von Bedeutung. Es gibt zwei sogenannte Parteien, aber sie sind in Wirklichkeit Fraktionen der gleichen Partei, der Geschäftspartei. Beide repräsentieren eine Reihe von Geschäftsinteressen. Sie können sogar ihre Positionen um 180 Grad wenden, ohne dass es überhaupt jemand merkt.“

„Wir glauben nicht an die Meinungsfreiheit, wenn wir sie
nicht auch den Leuten zugestehen, die wir verachten.“

„Was kann man über ein Land sagen, in dem ein wissenschaftliches Museum in einer großen Stadt ein Ausstellungsstück hat, wo die Leute von einem Helikopter aus mit einem Maschinengewehr auf Hütten in Vietnam feuern, mit aufblitzendem Licht, wenn ein Treffer gelandet wird? Was kann man über ein Land sagen, in dem solch eine Idee überhaupt nur in Erwägung gezogen wird? Man muß um dieses Land weinen.“

„Entweder wiederholt man dieselben konventionellen Doktrinen wie jedermann, oder man sagt etwas Wahres, und das klingt dann,
wie wenn es vom Neptun wäre.“

„Das Volk gilt der Regierung als gefährlicher Feind, der um seines eigenen besten Willens kontrolliert werden muss.“

„Die intellektuelle Tradition ist eine des Buckelns vor Macht, und wenn ich sie nicht betrügen würde, würde ich mich meiner selbst schämen.“

„Farblose grüne Ideen schlafen wütend.“

„Die Kultur der Terrors zielt darauf ab, die Hoffnungen der Mehrheit auf Alternativen zu den Vorstellungen der Herrschenden zu zähmen.“

„Die Bush-Regierung hat sehr wohl moralische Werte. Ihre moralischen Werte sind sehr explizit: poliere die Stiefel der Reichen und Mächtigen, trete allen anderen in's Gesicht, and lass die Enkelkinder dafür zahlen. Dieses einfache Prinzip schreibt fast alles vor, das geschieht.“

„Eine Schwierigkeit der Psychologie liegt in der Vertrautheit der Phänomene, über die sie handelt.“

„Es ist kein radikaler Islam, der die USA beunruhigt - es ist Unabhängigkeit.“

„Die amerikanische Gesellschaft ist heute zivilisierter als früher. Das verdanken wir der Entwicklung in den sechziger Jahren. Unsere Gesellschaft, und auch die in Europa, wurde damals freier, offener, demokratischer und damit für viele furchteinflößend. Dafür wurde diese Generation verurteilt. Aber es hat Wirkung gezeigt.“

„Erziehung ist ein System der aufgezwungenen Ignoranz.“

„Washington und seine Alliierten bleiben bei dem bewährten Prinzip, dass Demokratie nur akzeptabel ist, solange sie sich strategischen und wirtschaftlichen Zielen unterordnet: gut in feindlichen Gebieten (bis zu einem gewissen Punkt), aber bitte nicht in unserem Hinterhof, außer wenn sie ausreichend gezähmt ist.“

“I think that the polls taken in Baghdad explain it very well, they seem to understand. The United States invaded Iraq to gain control of one of the major sources of the world’s energy, right in the heart of the world’s energy producing regions. To create, if they can, a dependent client state. To have permanent military bases. And to gain what’s called “critical leverage” - I’m quoting Zbigniew Brzezinski - to gain critical leverage over rivals, the European and Asian economies. It’s been understood since the Second World War, that if you have your hand on that spigot, the main source of the world’s energy, you have what early planners called “veto power” over others. Iraq is also the last part of the world where there are vast, untapped, easily accessible energy resources. And you can be sure that they want the profits from that to go primarily to U. S.-based multinationals and back to the U. S. Treasury, not to rivals. There are plenty of reasons for invading Iraq.”

“Strikingly, no concern was voiced over the glaringly obvious fact that no official reason was ever offered for going to war — no reason, that is, that could not be instantly refuted by a literate teenager.”

“…capitalism is basically a system where everything is for sale, and the more money you have, the more you can get. And, in particular, that's true of freedom. Freedom is one of the commodities that is for sale, and if you are affluent, you can have a lot of it. It shows up in all sorts of ways. It shows up if you get in trouble with the law, let's say, or in any aspect of life it shows up. And for that reason it makes a lot of sense, if you accept capitalist system, to try to accumulate property, not just because you want material welfare, but because that guarantees your freedom, it makes it possible for you to amass that commodity. […] what you're going to find is that the defense of free institutions will largely be in the hands of those who benefit from them, namely the wealthy, and the powerful. They can purchase that commodity and, therefore, they want those institutions to exist, like free press, and all that.”

“In Somalia, we know exactly what they had to gain because they told us. The chairman of the Joint Chiefs, Colin Powell, described this as the best public relations operation of the Pentagon that he could imagine. His picture, which I think is plausible, is that there was a problem about raising the Pentagon budget, and they needed something that would be, look like a kind of a cakewalk, which would give a lot of prestige to the Pentagon. Somalia looked easy. Let's look back at the background. For years, the United States had supported a really brutal dictator, who had just devastated the country, and was finally kicked out. After he's kicked out, it was 1990, the country sank into total chaos and disaster, with starvation and warfare and all kind of horrible misery. The United States refused to, certainly to pay reparations, but even to look. By the middle of 1992, it was beginning to ease. The fighting was dying down, food supplies were beginning to get in, the Red Cross was getting in, roughly 80% of their supplies they said. There was a harvest on the way. It looked like it was finally sort of settling down. At that point, all of a sudden, George Bush announced that he had been watching these heartbreaking pictures on television, on Thanksgiving, and we had to do something, we had to send in humanitarian aid. The Marines landed, in a landing which was so comical, that even the media couldn't keep a straight face. Take a look at the reports of the landing of the Marines, it must've been the first week of December 1992. They had planned a night, there was nothing that was going on, but they planned a night landing, so you could show off all the fancy new night vision equipment and so on. Of course they had called the television stations, because what's the point of a PR operation for the Pentagon if there's no one to look for it. So the television stations were all there, with their bright lights and that sort of thing, and as the Marines were coming ashore they were blinded by the television light. So they had to send people out to get the cameramen to turn off the lights, so they could land with their fancy new equipment. As I say, even the media could not keep a straight face on this one, and they reported it pretty accurately. Also reported the PR aspect. Well the idea was, you could get some nice shots of Marine colonels handing out peanut butter sandwiches to starving refugees, and that'd all look great. And so it looked for a couple of weeks, until things started to get unpleasant. As things started to get unpleasant, the United States responded with what's called the Powell Doctrine. The United States has an unusual military doctrine, it's one of the reasons why the U. S. is generally disqualified from peace keeping operations that involve civilians, again, this has to do with sovereignty. U. S. military doctrine is that U. S. soldiers are not permitted to come under any threat. That's not true for other countries. So countries like, say, Canada, the Fiji Islands, Pakistan, Norway, their soldiers are coming under threat all the time. The peace keepers in southern Lebanon for example, are being attacked by Israeli soldiers all the time, and have suffered plenty of casualties, and they don't like it. But U. S. soldiers are not permitted to come under any threat, so when Somali teenagers started shaking fists at them, and more, they came back with massive fire power, and that led to a massacre. According to the U. S., I don't know the actual numbers, but according to U. S. government, about 7 to 10 thousand Somali civilians were killed before this was over. There's a close analysis of all of this by Alex de Waal, who's one of the world's leading specialists on African famine and relief, altogether academic specialist. His estimate is that the number of people saved by the intervention and the number killed by the intervention was approximately in the same ballpark. That's Somalia. That's what's given as a stellar example of the humanitarian intervention.”

“China is the center of the Asian energy security grid, which includes the Central Asian states and Russia. India is also hovering around the edge, South Korea is involved, and Iran is an associate member of some kind. If the Middle East oil resources around the Gulf, which are the main ones in the world, if they link up to the Asian grid, the United States is really a second-rate power. A lot is at stake in not withdrawing from Iraq.”

“The war is simply an obscenity, a depraved act by weak and miserable men, including all of us who have allowed it to go on and on with endless fury and destruction - all of us who would have remained silent, had stability and order been secured.”

“Israel is an embattled country. They rely very heavily on U. S. support. So they have developed a very sophisticated system of propaganda. They don't call it propaganda. They call it hasbarah. It is the only country I know of in the world that refers to propaganda as explanation. The Ministry of Propaganda is the Ministry of Explanation. The idea being that our position on everything is so obviously correct that if we only explain it to people, they will see that it is right.”

“Mass non-violent protest is predicated on the humanity of the oppressor. Quite often it doesn't work. Sometimes it does, in unexpected ways. But judgements about that would have to be based on intimate knowledge of the society and its various strands.”

“In the United States you're not allowed to talk about class differences. In fact, only two groups are allowed to be class-conscious in the United States. One of them is the business community, which is rabidly class-conscious. When you read their literature, it's all full of the danger of the masses and their rising power and how we have to defeat them. It's kind of vulgar, inverted Marxism. The other group is the high planning sectors of the government. They talk the same way — how we have to worry about the rising aspirations of the common man and the impoverished masses who are seeking to improve standards and harming the business climate. So they can be class-conscious. They have a job to do. But it's extremely important to make other people, the rest of the population, believe that there is no such thing as class. We're all just equal, we're all Americans, we live in harmony, we all work together, everything is great.”

“When British and then American troops moved into southern Italy, they simply reinstated the fascist order—the industrialists. But the big problem came when the troops got to the north, which the Italian resistance had already liberated. The place was functioning—industry was running. We had to dismantle all of that and restore the old order.”

“It was a historic event. Not unfortunately because of its scale. Unpleasant to think about, but in terms of the scale it’s not that unusual. I did say it’s the worst, probably the worst instant human toll of any crime. And that may be true. But there are terrorist crimes with effects a bit more drawn out that are more extreme, unfortunately. Nevertheless, it’s a historic event because there was a change. The change was the direction in which the guns were pointing. That’s new. Radically new.”

“In order to make it look dramatic, they staged what was ridiculed by some Israeli commentators, correctly, they staged a national trauma… There was a huge media extravaganza, you know, pictures of a little Jewish boy try to hold back the soldiers destroying his house… And a lot of the settlers were allowed in, so there could be a pretense of violence, though there wasn't any… The withdrawal could have been done perfectly quietly. All that was necessary was for Israel to announce that on August 1st the army will withdraw. And immediately the settlers, who had been subsidized to go there in the first place, and to stay there, would get on to the trucks that are provided for them and move over to the West Bank where they can move into new subsidized settlements. But if you did that way, there wouldn't have been any national trauma, any justification for saying, "never can we give up another 1 mm² of land". What made all of this even more ridiculous was that it was a repetition of what was described in Haaretz as "Operation National Truama 1982". After Israel finally agreed to Sadat's 1971 offer, they had to evacuate northeastern Sinai, and there was another staged trauma, which again was ridiculed by Israel commentators. By a miracle, none of the settlers who were resisting needed a Band-Aid, while Palestinians were being killed all over the place.”

“If there was anyone who actually fit the category of conservative, if there was such a category of people, they would have a very easy way to deal with the fact that 60% of the children under 2 [in Nicaragua] are suffering probable brain damage. Namely, by paying their debts. Simple conservative principle. But that's beyond unthinkable. Compassionate conservatives might want to go beyond that, if they existed. But they're much more interested in making political capital over the fact that a woman in a vegetative state shouldn't be allowed to die in dignity.”

“The crucial question for us is not whether they have a theocratic government. I'd personally prefer not, but I can think of a lot of places where I'd prefer not, like here. But, the question is whether the US will agree to let Iraq alone. That means to make it very clean and explicit, both in word and in action, that the US will withdraw, set a timetable for it, will not influence what goes on in Iraq, will not leave military bases, will let the country go off on its own. I think we also ought to pay massive reparations, but I'll stop short of that. Those are the crucial issues. It's not up to Rumsfeld what kind of government they have, it's up to him to get out.”

“If you look at the American army’s counterinsurgency literature (a lot of which is now declassified), it begins with an analysis of the German experience in Europe, written with the cooperation of Nazi officers. Everything is described from the point of view of the Nazis-which techniques for controlling resistance worked, which ones didn’t. With barely a change, that was transmuted into American counterinsurgency literature.”

“We might ask ourselves how we would be reacting if Iraqi commandos landed at George W. Bush's compound, assassinated him, and dumped his body in the Atlantic.”

“Ricardo's "science" was founded on the principle that capital is more or less immobile and labor highly mobile. We are enjoined today to worship the consequences of Ricardo's science, despite the fact that the assumptions on which they are based have been reversed: capital is highly mobile, and labor virtually immobile -- libertarian conservatives lead the way in rejecting Adam Smith's principle that "free circulation of labor" is a cornerstone of free trade, in keeping with their contempt for markets”

“The criticisms were so tepid they were embarrassing. Almost nobody, including me, dared to criticize the U. S. attack on South Vietnam. That's like talking Hittite. Nobody even understood the words.”

“The doves are pleased that [Robert McNamara] finally concedes that "our blundering efforts to do good" turned into a "dangerous mistake," as Anthony Lewis put the matter long after corporate America had determined that the game was not worth the candle. As the doves had by then come to recognize, although we had pursued aims that were "noble" and "motivated by the loftiest intentions," they were nevertheless "illusory" and it ended up as a "failed crusade" (Stanley Karnow). McNamara has now "paid his debt," Theodore Draper writes in the New York Review, finally recognizing that "The Vietnam War peculiarly demanded a hardheaded assessment of what it was worth in the national interest of the United States," just as the invasion of Afghanistan "peculiarly demanded" such an assessment in the Kremlin. Draper is outraged by the "vitriolic and protracted campaign" against McNamara by the New York Times. "The case against McNamara largely hinges on the premise that he did not express his doubts" about "whether American troops should continue to die" early on, but the Times did not either (though Draper did, he proudly reminds us). Could there be another question?”

“Reactions to our adversity are not entirely uniform. At the dovish extreme, we find Senator John Kerry, who warns that we should never again fight a war "without committing enough resources to win"; no other flaw is mentioned. And there is President Carter, the noted moral teacher and human rights apostle, who assured us that we owe Vietnam no debt and have no responsibility to render it any assistance because "the destruction was mutual," an observation so uncontroversial as to pass with no reaction. […] Properly statesmanlike, President Bush announces that "It was a bitter conflict, but Hanoi knows today that we seek only answers without the threat of retribution for the past." Their crimes against us can never be forgotten, but "we can begin writing the last chapter of the Vietnam war" if they dedicate themselves with sufficient zeal to the MIAs. We might even "begin helping the Vietnamese find and identify their own combatants missing in action," [New York Times Asia correspondent] Crossette reports. The adjacent front-page story reports Japan's failure, once again, to "unambiguously" accept the blame "for its wartime aggression."”

“What will happen we don’t know, but plans are being made and programs implemented on the assumption that they may lead to the death of several million people in the next couple of weeks. Very casually, with no comment, no particular thought about it, that’s just kind of normal, here, and in a good part of Europe.”

“The Cold War ideology and the international communist conspiracy function in an important way as essentially a propaganda device to mobilize support at a particular historical moment for this long-time imperial enterprise. In fact, I believe that this is probably the main function of the Cold War: it serves as a useful device for the managers of American society and their counterparts in the Soviet Union to control their own populations and their own respective imperial systems.”

“I think it only makes sense to seek out and identify structures of authority, hierarchy, and domination in every aspect of life, and to challenge them; unless a justification for them can be given, they are illegitimate, and should be dismantled, to increase the scope of human freedom.”

“To gain control over this resource, and have probably military bases there, is a tremendous achievement for world control. You read counter-arguments to this, and they're worth looking at. So it's argued that it can't be true, because the costs of reconstruction are going to be greater than the profits that will be made. Well, maybe that's true, maybe it isn't, but it's totally irrelevant. And the reason is because the costs of reconstruction are going to be paid by the taxpayer, by you, and the profits are going to go right into the pockets of the energy corporations. So yeah, it doesn't matter how they balance out, it's just another taxpayer subsidy to the rich.”

“I think we can be reasonably confident that if the American population had the slightest idea of what is being done in their name, they would be utterly appalled.”

“The invasion of Iraq was simply a war crime. Straight-out war crime.”

“The Americans didn't even think about the outcome of the bombing, because the Sudanese were so far below contempt as to be not worth thinking about. Suppose I walk down the sidewalk in Cambridge and, without a second thought, step on an ant. That would mean that I regard the ant as beneath contempt, and that's morally worse than if I purposely killed that ant.”

“Sometimes when I'm having a boring interview on the telephone, and I'm trying to think about something else because the questions are too boring, and I start looking around the room where I work, you know, full of books piled up to the sky, all different kinds of topics. I start calculating how many centuries would I have to live reading twenty-four hours a day every day of the week to make a dent in what I'd like to learn about things, it's pretty depressing. […] You know, we have little bits of understanding, glimpses, a little bit of light here and there, but there's a tremendous amount of darkness, which is a challenge. I think life would be pretty boring if we understood everything. It's better if we don't understand anything… and know that we don't, that's the important part.”

“In summary, it is the diversity of human behavior, its appropriateness to new situations, and man’s capacity to innovate – the creative aspect of language use providing the principal indication of this –that leads Descartes to attribute possession of mind to other humans, since he regards this capacity as beyond the limitations of any imaginable mechanism.”