Noam Chomsky Zitate

seite 10

„Die Bürger demokratischer Gesellschaften sollten Kurse für geistige Selbstverteidigung besuchen, um sich gegen Manipulation und Kontrolle wehren zu können.“

„Der kluge Weg, Menschen passiv und gehorsam zu halten, besteht darin, das Spektrum akzeptabler Meinungen streng einzuschränken, aber eine sehr lebhafte Debatte innerhalb dieses Spektrums zuzulassen - und sogar kritischere und dissidenten Ansichten zu fördern. Das gibt den Menschen das Gefühl, dass freies Denken im Gange ist, während die Voraussetzungen des Systems durch die Grenzen der Debatten immer weiter verschärft werden.“

„Der schlaueste Weg, Menschen passiv und gehorsam zu halten, ist, das Spektrum an akzeptabler Meinung streng zu beschränken, aber eine sehr lebhafte Debatte innerhalb dieses Spektrums zu ermöglichen – sogar die kritischeren und die Ansichten der Dissidenten zu fördern. Das gibt den Menschen ein Gefühl, dass es ein freies Denken gibt, während die Voraussetzungen des Systems durch die Grenzen der Diskussion gestärkt werden.“

„Ich war mir nie einer anderen Möglichkeit bewusst, als die, alles in Frage zu stellen.“

„Jeder mächtige Staat verlässt sich auf Spezialisten, deren Aufgabe es ist, zu zeigen, dass das, was die Starken tun, nobel und gerecht ist, und dass es die Schuld der Schwachen ist, wenn diese leiden. Im Westen nennt man diese Spezialisten "Intellektuelle", und sie, mit kaum nennenswerten Ausnahmen, erfüllen ihre Aufgabe mit großer Fertigkeit und Selbstgerechtigkeit, egal wie lachhaft ihre Behauptungen sind, in dieser Praxis, die sich bis zu den Ursprüngen aufgezeichneter Geschichte zurückverfolgen lässt.“

„Dieser Konsumismus gründet darin, dass wir eine Gesellschaft sind, die von Geschäftsinteressen dominiert wird. Es gibt eine massive Propaganda, die jedermann zum Konsum anhält. Konsum ist gut für die Gewinne, und Konsum ist gut für das politische Establishment. […] Konsum lenkt die Menschen ab. Die eigene Gesellschaft lässt sich schlecht mit der Armee kontrollieren, aber sie lässt sich durch Konsum ablenken. Die Wirtschaftspresse ist da deutlich zielgerichtet.“

„Es ist durchaus möglich, überwältigend wahrscheinlich, könnte man vermuten, dass wir über das Leben und die Persönlichkeiten von Menschen stets mehr aus Romanen lernen werden, als von der wissenschaftlichen Psychologie.“

„Der schlaueste Weg, Menschen passiv und folgsam zu halten, ist, das Spektrum akzeptierter Meinungen strikt zu limitieren, aber innerhalb dieses Spektrums sehr lebhafte Debatten zu erlauben.“

„Mein Augenmerk liegt vor allem auf dem Terrorismus und der Gewalt, die von meinem eigenen Staat ausgeführt werden, aus zwei Gründen. Erstens, weil es den Hauptteil internationaler Gewalt ausmacht. Aber auch aus einem viel wichtigeren Grund; nämlich, dass ich etwas dagegen tun can. Selbst wenn die Vereinigten Staaten für nur zwei Prozent der Gewalt in der Welt verantwortlich wären, wären das die zwei Prozent für die ich vor allem verantwortlich wäre. Und dies ist eine simple ethische Beurteilung. Das heißt, der ethische Wert unserer Handlungen hängt von ihren erwarteten und vorhersehbaren Konsequenzen ab. Es ist sehr einfach, die Abscheulichkeiten anderer zu verdammen. Das hat ungefähr so viel ethischen Wert wie Gräueltaten, die im Achtzehnten Jahrhundert stattfanden, zu verurteilen.“

„Die intellektuelle Welt ist zutiefst konformistisch.“

„Mutwilliges Töten unschuldiger Zivilisten ist Terrorismus und kein Krieg gegen den Terrorismus.“

„Indoktrination ist keineswegs inkompatibel mit der Demokratie. Vielmehr […] ihre Essenz. […] Ohne Knüppel, ohne Kontrolle durch Gewalt […] muß man das Denken kontrollieren. Dazu greift man zu dem, was in ehrlicheren Zeiten Propaganda genannt wurde.“

„Alle machen sich Gedanken, wie man Terrorismus beenden kann. Nun, es gibt einen wirklich einfachen Weg: indem man damit aufhört, daran teilzunehmen.“

„Der effektivste Weg, Demokratie zu beschränken, ist das Treffen von Entscheidungen von der öffentlichen Sphäre hin zu Institutionen zu verlagern, die nicht zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden können: Könige und Prinzen, Priesterkasten, Militärjuntas, Parteidiktaturen, oder moderne Unternehmen.“

„Optimismus ist eine Strategie für eine bessere Zukunft. Denn wenn Sie nicht glauben, dass die Zukunft besser sein kann, dann werden sie auch nicht aufstehen und die Verantwortung dafür übernehmen.“

„Die größten bekannten Terrorakte gehen von Washington aus.“

„Leute mit Macht verstehen genau eine Sache: Gewalt.“

„Wir sollten nicht nach Helden suchen, wir sollten nach guten Ideen suchen.“

„Wenn die USA ihre unvergleichliche Macht tatsächlich um der Menschheit willen ausüben, dann hat die Menschheit dabei ein gewisses Mitspracherecht.“

„Die erste Pflicht der Regierenden ist es die Minderheit der Wohlhabenden gegen die Mehrheit zu schützen.“

„Die Schule erzieht zur Dummheit.“

„In den Vereinigten Staaten ist das politische System nur am Rande von Bedeutung. Es gibt zwei sogenannte Parteien, aber sie sind in Wirklichkeit Fraktionen der gleichen Partei, der Geschäftspartei. Beide repräsentieren eine Reihe von Geschäftsinteressen. Sie können sogar ihre Positionen um 180 Grad wenden, ohne dass es überhaupt jemand merkt.“

„Wir glauben nicht an die Meinungsfreiheit, wenn wir sie
nicht auch den Leuten zugestehen, die wir verachten.“

„Was kann man über ein Land sagen, in dem ein wissenschaftliches Museum in einer großen Stadt ein Ausstellungsstück hat, wo die Leute von einem Helikopter aus mit einem Maschinengewehr auf Hütten in Vietnam feuern, mit aufblitzendem Licht, wenn ein Treffer gelandet wird? Was kann man über ein Land sagen, in dem solch eine Idee überhaupt nur in Erwägung gezogen wird? Man muß um dieses Land weinen.“

„Entweder wiederholt man dieselben konventionellen Doktrinen wie jedermann, oder man sagt etwas Wahres, und das klingt dann,
wie wenn es vom Neptun wäre.“

„Das Volk gilt der Regierung als gefährlicher Feind, der um seines eigenen besten Willens kontrolliert werden muss.“

„Die intellektuelle Tradition ist eine des Buckelns vor Macht, und wenn ich sie nicht betrügen würde, würde ich mich meiner selbst schämen.“

„Farblose grüne Ideen schlafen wütend.“

„Die Kultur der Terrors zielt darauf ab, die Hoffnungen der Mehrheit auf Alternativen zu den Vorstellungen der Herrschenden zu zähmen.“

„Die Bush-Regierung hat sehr wohl moralische Werte. Ihre moralischen Werte sind sehr explizit: poliere die Stiefel der Reichen und Mächtigen, trete allen anderen in's Gesicht, and lass die Enkelkinder dafür zahlen. Dieses einfache Prinzip schreibt fast alles vor, das geschieht.“

„Eine Schwierigkeit der Psychologie liegt in der Vertrautheit der Phänomene, über die sie handelt.“

„Es ist kein radikaler Islam, der die USA beunruhigt - es ist Unabhängigkeit.“

„Die amerikanische Gesellschaft ist heute zivilisierter als früher. Das verdanken wir der Entwicklung in den sechziger Jahren. Unsere Gesellschaft, und auch die in Europa, wurde damals freier, offener, demokratischer und damit für viele furchteinflößend. Dafür wurde diese Generation verurteilt. Aber es hat Wirkung gezeigt.“

„Erziehung ist ein System der aufgezwungenen Ignoranz.“

„Washington und seine Alliierten bleiben bei dem bewährten Prinzip, dass Demokratie nur akzeptabel ist, solange sie sich strategischen und wirtschaftlichen Zielen unterordnet: gut in feindlichen Gebieten (bis zu einem gewissen Punkt), aber bitte nicht in unserem Hinterhof, außer wenn sie ausreichend gezähmt ist.“

“The whole question of recognizing the right of a state to exist was invented solely for Israel. People, on the other hand, have a right to exist. So the people who live on the land - Israelis and Palestinians - have a right to live in security and peace.”

“I'm of course opposed to terror, any rational person is, but I think that if we're serious about the question of terror and serious about the question of violence we have to recognize that it is a tactical and hence moral matter. Incidentally, tactical issues are basically moral issues. They have to do with human consequences. And if we're interested in, let's say, diminishing the amount of violence in the world, it's at least arguable and sometimes true that a terroristic act does diminish the amount of violence in the world. Hence a person who is opposed to violence will not be opposed to that terroristic act.”

“We cannot say much about human affairs with any confidence, but sometimes it is possible. We can, for example, be fairly confident that either there will be a world without war, or there won't be a world—at least, a world inhabited by creatures other than bacteria and beetles, with some scattering of others.”

“[Q: do you believe that a nation should suffer a detrimental cost in order to compensate for wrongs committed by the governors of that nations, or by segments of that nation in the past? ] Suppose you're living under a dictatorship, and the dictators carry out some horrendous acts. So you're living in Stalinist Russia, let's say, and Stalin carries out horrible crimes. Are the people of Russia responsible for those crimes? Well, to only a very limited extent, because living under a brutal, harsh, terrorist regime, there isn't very much they can do about it. There's something they can do, and to the extent that you can do something, you're responsible for what happens. Suppose you're living in a free, democratic society, with lots of privilege, enormous, incomparable freedoms, and the government carries out violent, brutal acts. Are you responsible for it? Yeah, a lot more responsible, because there's a lot that you can do about it. If you share responsibility in criminal acts, you are liable for the consequences.”

“I think murdering Iraqi union leaders is criminal, for example. And a lot of what the insurgents have done is criminal. But, you know, you rank the priorities. Our priority is to stop major war crimes, like Fallujah for example. So yeah, what the resistance is doing, one can also criticize, harshly in fact. But in any kind of ranking, even if we're on Mars, and certainly if we're in the United States, what is vastly more important is our own crimes, which are much worse, and they're ours.”

“Our primary concern has been U. S. global policy and propaganda, and the filtering and distorting effect of Western ideology, not the problems of reconstruction and modernization in societies that have been victimized by Western imperialism. Correspondingly, we have not developed or expressed our views here on the nature of the Indochinese regimes. To assess the contemporary situation in Indochina and the programs of the current ruling groups is a worthwhile endeavor, but it has not been our current objective. […] The success of the Free Press in reconstructing imperial ideology since the U. S. withdrawal has been spectacular. The shift of the United States from causal agent to bystander – and even to leader of the struggle for human rights – in the face of its empire of client fascism and long, vicious assault on the peasant societies of Indochina, is a remarkable achievement. The system of brainwashing under freedom, with mass media voluntary self-censorship in accord with the larger interests of the state, has worked brilliantly.”

“Next we worked on destroying the democratic process. The left was obviously going to win the elections; it had a lot of prestige from the resistance, and the traditional conservative order had been discredited. The US wouldn't tolerate that.”

“The deep structure that expresses the meaning is common to all languages, so it is claimed, being a simple reflection of the forms of thought.”

“Yet to enter approved memory is the "finale" described in the official Air Force history, a 1000-plane raid on civilian targets organized by General "Hap" Arnold to celebrate the war's end, five days after Nagasaki. According to survivors, leaflets were dropped among the bombs announcing the surrender.”

“The most effective way to restrict democracy is to transfer decision-making from the public arena to unaccountable institutions: kings and princes, priestly castes, military juntas, party dictatorships, or modern corporations.”

“We will consider the facts about postwar Indochina insofar as they can be ascertained, but a major emphasis will be on the ways in which these facts have been interpreted, filtered, distorted or modified by the ideological institutions in the West.”

“Take any country that has laws against hate crimes, inspiring hatred and genocide and so on. The first thing they would do is ban the Old Testament. There's nothing like it in the literary canon that exalts genocide, to that extent. And it's not a joke either. Like where I live, New England, the people who liberated it from the native scourge were religious fundamentalist lunatics, who came waving the holy book, declaring themselves to be the children of Israel who are killing the Amalekites, like God [http://www.bible.org/netbible/deu25.htm told] them.”

“We may usefully think of the language faculty, the number faculty, and others as 'mental organs,' analogous to the heart or the visual system or the system of motor coordination and planning. There appears to be no clear demarcation line between physical organs, perceptual and motor systems and cognitive faculties in the respects in question.”

“Cartesian linguistics was not concerned simply with descriptive grammar, in this sense, but rather with “grammaire générale,” that is, with the universal principles of language structure.”

“"A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior" in Language, 35, No. 1 (1959), 26-58. Summation by Noam Chomsky: Rereading this review after eight years, I find little of substance that I would change if I were to write it today. I am not aware of any theoretical or experimental work that challenges its conclusions; nor, so far as I know, has there been any attempt to meet the criticisms that are raised in the review or to show that they are erroneous or ill-founded.”

“Science talks about very simple things, and asks hard questions about them. As soon as things become too complex, science can't deal with them… But it's a complicated matter: Science studies what's at the edge of understanding, and what's at the edge of understanding is usually fairly simple. And it rarely reaches human affairs. Human affairs are way too complicated. In fact even understanding insects is an extremely complicated problem in the sciences. So the actual sciences tell us virtually nothing about human affairs.”

“Nobody doubts that the Russians committed aggression, that Saddam Hussein committed aggression. We attribute to them rational goals, maybe they wanted to control the energy of the Middle East or something. With regard to ourselves, it's impossible… We just cannot adopt towards ourselves the same sane attitudes that we adopt easily, in fact reflexively, when others commit crimes… And if anyone says it, educated people, liberal intellectuals, are infuriated. Because it suggests that we could do something that's not noble. We can make mistakes, that's easy. You can criticize mistakes. You can criticize low-level crimes, like Abu-Ghraib, you can criticize that. You can criticize My Lai. But not the educated, civilized people, the kind of people we have dinner with, see at concerts, sitting in air-conditioned offices planning mass-murder. So that's beyond criticism. On the other hand, if it's half-crazed G. I. s in the field, uneducated, don't know who's going to shoot at them next, you can blame them, you can say how awful they are. You can criticize Lynndie England, disadvantaged young woman, very different from us. But how about the guys who organized and planned it? No.”

“The Grand Inquisitor explains that you have to create mysteries because otherwise the common people will be able to understand things. They have to be subordinated so you have to make things look mysterious and complicated. That's the test of the intellectual. It's also good for them: then you're an important person, talking big words which nobody can understand. Sometimes it gets kind of comical, say in post-modern discourse. Especially around Paris, it has become a comic strip, I mean it's all gibberish. But it's very inflated, a lot of television cameras, a lot of posturing. They try to decode it and see what is the actual meaning behind it, things that you could explain to an eight-year old child. There's nothing there. But these are the ways in which contemporary intellectuals, including those on the Left, create great careers for themselves, power for themselves, marginalize people, intimidate people and so on.”

“Thomas Jefferson, the leading Enlightenment figure in the United States, along with Benjamin Franklin, who took exactly the same view, argued that dependence will lead to "subservience and venality", and will "suffocate[s] the germs of virtue". And remember, by dependence he meant wage labor, which was considered an abomination under classical liberal principles.”

“Newt Gingrich … quite demonstrably is the leading welfare freak in the country.… His own district in Cobb County Georgia gets more federal subsidies than any suburban county in the country, outside of the federal system itself.”

“A lot of the people who call themselves Left I would regard as proto-fascists.”

“We take for granted that the organism does not learn to grow arms or to reach puberty… When we turn to the mind and its products, the situation is not qualitatively different from what we find in the case of the body.”

“Roughly speaking, I think it's accurate to say that a corporate elite of managers and owners governs the economy and the political system as well, at least in very large measure. The people, so-called, do exercise an occasional choice among those who Marx once called "the rival factions and adventurers of the ruling class."”

“As a number the specialists have pointed out, Bush is Osama bin Laden's best ally. … [9/11] was bitterly condemned by the jihadi movement around the world. The leading figures, the radical clerics and others, were denouncing it. Well, there was an opportunity to make some moves towards the Muslim world, and in fact even the radical Islamic extremist elements of the Muslim world, and undermine support for Al-Qaeda. What Bush did was the opposite: resorted to violence, particularly in Iraq, which simply mobilized support for Osama bin Laden. That's the way to deal with terrorism if you want to escalate it.”

“The Ottoman Empire was an ugly affair, but they had the right idea. The rulers in Turkey were fortunately so corrupt that they left people alone pretty much -- were mostly interested in robbing them -- and they left them alone to run their own affairs, and their own regions and their own communities with a lot of local self determination.”

“The responsibility of the writer as a moral agent is to try to bring the truth about matters of human significance to an audience that can do something about them.”

“What can one say about a country where a museum of science in a great city can feature an exhibit in which people fire machine guns from a helicopter at Vietnamese huts, with a light flashing when a hit is scored? What can one say about a country where such an idea can even be considered? You have to weep for this country. […] To me it seems that what is needed is a kind of denazification.”

“The US and Israel have demanded further that Palestinians not only recognize Israel's rights as a state in the international system, but that they also recognize Israel's abstract "right to exist," a concept that has no place in international law or diplomacy, and a right claimed by no one. In effect, the US and Israel are demanding that Palestinians not only recognize Israel in the normal fashion of interstate relations, but also formally accept the legitimacy of their expulsion from their own land. They cannot be expected to accept that, just as Mexico does not grant the US the "right to exist" on half of Mexico's territory, gained by conquest.”

“In the past, the United States has sometimes, kind of sardonically, been described as a one-party state: the business party with two factions called Democrats and Republicans. That’s no longer true. It’s still a one-party state, the business party. But it only has one faction. The faction is moderate Republicans, who are now called Democrats. There are virtually no moderate Republicans in what’s called the Republican Party and virtually no liberal Democrats in what’s called the Democratic [sic] Party. It’s basically a party of what would be moderate Republicans and similarly, Richard Nixon would be way at the left of the political spectrum today. Eisenhower would be in outer space. There is still something called the Republican Party, but it long ago abandoned any pretence of being a normal parliamentary party. It’s in lock-step service to the very rich and the corporate sector and has a catechism that everyone has to chant in unison, kind of like the old Communist Party. The distinguished conservative commentator, one of the most respected – Norman Ornstein – describes today’s Republican Party as, in his words, “a radical insurgency – ideologically extreme, scornful of facts and compromise, dismissive of its political opposition””