„Kriton, wir schulden dem Asklepios einen Hahn. Opfert ihm den und versäume es nicht.“
— Sókratés
Letzte Worte, 399 v. Chr., zu Freund Kriton, nachdem er den Schierlingsbecher getrunken hatte, gemäß Platon, Phaidon 118a
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Sókratés
Geburtstag: 469 v.Chr
Todesdatum: 399 v.Chr
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Sokrates war ein für das abendländische Denken grundlegender griechischer Philosoph, der in Athen zur Zeit der Attischen Demokratie lebte und wirkte. Zur Erlangung von Menschenkenntnis, ethischen Grundsätzen und Weltverstehen entwickelte er die philosophische Methode eines strukturierten Dialogs, die er Maieutik nannte.
Sokrates selbst hinterließ keine schriftlichen Werke. Die Überlieferung seines Lebens und Denkens beruht auf Schriften anderer, hauptsächlich seiner Schüler Platon und Xenophon. Sie verfassten sokratische Dialoge und betonten darin unterschiedliche Züge seiner Lehre. Jede Darstellung des historischen Sokrates und seiner Philosophie ist deshalb lückenhaft und mit Unsicherheiten verbunden.
Sokrates’ herausragende Bedeutung zeigt sich vor allem in seiner nachhaltigen Wirkung innerhalb der Philosophiegeschichte, aber auch darin, dass die griechischen Denker vor ihm heute als Vorsokratiker bezeichnet werden. Zu seinem Nachruhm trug wesentlich bei, dass er, nachdem er wegen angeblich verderblichen Einflusses auf die Jugend sowie Missachtung der Götter verurteilt worden war, das Todesurteil akzeptierte und eine Fluchtmöglichkeit aus Respekt vor den Gesetzen nicht wahrnahm. Bis zur Hinrichtung durch den Schierlingsbecher beschäftigten ihn und die zu Besuch im Gefängnis weilenden Freunde und Schüler philosophische Fragen. Nahezu alle bedeutenden philosophischen Schulen der Antike haben sich auf Sokrates berufen. Michel de Montaigne nannte ihn im 16. Jahrhundert den „Meister aller Meister“ und noch Karl Jaspers schrieb: „Sokrates vor Augen zu haben ist eine der unerlässlichen Voraussetzungen unseres Philosophierens.“
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„Keiner von uns beiden, so kann man wohl sagen, weiß etwas Schönes und Gutes. Aber dieser glaubt zu wissen und weiß nicht, ich aber, der ich ebensowenig weiß, glaube das nicht. Daher scheine ich um ein weniges weiser zu sein als dieser, da ich nicht glaube zu wissen, was ich nicht weiß." [WQ] - nach Platon, Apologie des Sokrates, Erste Rede, 21d“
— Sókratés
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„Macht mir kein Getümmel, O Ihr Männer von Athen.“
— Sókratés
nach Platon, Apologie des Sokrates, Erste Rede, 18
„Nun aber ist es Zeit fortzugehen, für mich um zu sterben, für euch um zu leben: Wer aber von uns dem besseren Los entgegengeht, das ist allen verborgen, außer Gott.“
— Sókratés
nach Platon, Apologie des Sokrates, Dritte Rede, 33
„Es ist besser, Unrecht zu leiden als Unrecht zu tun.“
— Sókratés
nach Platon, Gorgias, 474b
„[In the world below... ] those who appear to have lived neither well not ill, go to the river Acheron, and mount such conveyances as they can get, and are carried in them to the lake, and there they dwell and are purified of their evil deeds, and suffer the penalty of the wrongs which they have done to others, and are absolved, and receive the rewards of their good deeds according to their deserts. But those who appear to be incurable by reason of the greatness of their crimes—who have committed many and terrible deeds of sacrilege, murders foul and violent, or the like—such are hurled into Tartarus, which is their suitable destiny, and they never come out. Those again who have committed crimes, which, although great, are not unpardonable—who in moment of anger, for example, have done violence to a father or a mother, and have repented for the remainder of their lives, or who have taken the life of another under like extenuating circumstances—these are plunged into Tartarus, the pains of which they are compelled to undergo for a year, but at the end of the year the wave casts them forth—mere homicides by way of Cocytus, patricides and matricides by Pyriphlegethon—and they are borne to the Acherusian Lake, and here they lift up their voices and call upon the victims whom they have slain or wronged, to have pity on them, and to receive them, and to let them come out of the river into the lake. And if they prevail, then they come forth and cease from their troubles; but if not, they are carried back again into Tartarus and from thence into the rivers unceasingly, until they obtain mercy from those whom they have wronged: for this is the sentence inflicted upon them by their judges.“
— Socrates
„Now the compound or composite may be supposed to be naturally capable of being dissolved in like manner as being compounded; but that which is uncompounded, and that only, must be, if anything is, indissoluble.... And the uncompounded may be assumed to be the same and unchanging, where the compound is always changing and never the same?... Is that idea or essence, which in the dialectical process we define as essence of true existence—whether essence of equality, beauty, or anything else: are these essences, I say, liable at times to some degree of change? or are they each of them always what they are, having the same simple, self-existent and unchanging forms, and not admitting of variation at all, or in any way, or at any time?“
— Socrates
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„When my sons are grown up, I would ask you, O my friends, to punish them; and I would have you to trouble them, as I have troubled you, if they seem to care about riches, or anything, more than about virtue; or if they pretend to be something when they are really nothing — then reprove them, as I have reproved you, for not caring about that for which they ought to care, and thinking that they are something when they are really nothing. And if you do this, I and my sons will have received justice at your hands.“
— Socrates
41e–42a
„It is the example of the rider who wishes to become an expert horseman: "None of your soft-mouthed, docile animals for me," he says; "the horse for me to own must show some spirit" in the belief, no doubt, if he can manage such an animal, it will be easy enough to deal with every other horse besides. And that is just my case. I wish to deal with human beings, to associate with man in general; hence my choice of wife. I know full well, if I can tolerate her spirit, I can with ease attach myself to every human being else.“
— Socrates
Symposium 17–19 [= 2.10]
„This was the method which I adopted: I first assumed some principle which I judged to be the strongest, and then I affirmed as true whatever seemed to agree with this, whether relating to the cause or to anything else; and that which disagreed I regarded as untrue.... I want to show you the nature of that cause which has occupied my thoughts, and I shall have to go back to those familiar words which are in the mouth of everyone, and first of all assume that there is an absolute beauty and goodness and greatness, and the like; grant me this, and I hope to be able to show you the nature of the cause, and to prove the immortality of the soul.“
— Socrates
„In this present life, I reckon that we make the nearest approach to knowledge when we have the least possible concern or interest in the body, and are not saturated with the bodily nature, but remain pure until the hour when God himself is pleased to release us. And then the foolishness of the body will be cleared away and we shall be pure and hold converse with othe pure souls, and know of ourselves the clear light everywhere; and this is surely the light of truth. For no impure thing is allowed to approach the pure. These are the sort of words, Simmias, which the true lovers of wisdom cannot help saying to one another, and thinking.“
— Socrates
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„[In the world below... ] The wise and orderly soul is conscious of her situation, and follows in the path; but the soul which desires the body, and which... has long been fluttering about the lifeless frame and the world of sight, is after many struggles and many sufferings hardly and with violence carried away by her attendant genius, and when she arrives at the place where the other souls are gathered, if she be impure and have done impure deeds or have been concerned in foul murders or other crimes... from that soul everyone flees and turns away; no one will be her companion, no one her guide, but alone she wanders in extremity of evil until certain times are fulfilled...“
— Socrates
„For after death, as they say, the genius of each individual, to whom he belonged in life, leads him to a certain place in which the dead are gathered together for judgment, whence they go into the world below, following the guide who is appointed to conduct them from this world to the other; and when they have there received their due and remained their time, another guide brings them back again after many revolutions of ages.“
— Socrates
