Mahátma Gándhí Berühmte Zitate
Dieser als Ausspruch Gandhis verbreitete Satz geht zurück auf eine Rede des US-Gewerkschafters Nicholas Klein auf dem Gewerkschaftstag 1918 der Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America:
„Und, liebe Freunde, in dieser Geschichte findet ihr die Historie unserer gesamten Bewegung wieder: Zuerst ignorieren sie dich. Dann machen sie dich lächerlich. Dann greifen sie dich an und wollen dich verbrennen. Und dann errichten sie dir Denkmäler. Und das ist genau das, was den vereinigten Arbeitern der Bekleidungsindustrie Amerikas passieren wird.“ - Jungle World, 20. Oktober 2011 https://jungle.world/artikel/2011/42/gandhi-ist-immer-gut.
"And, my friends, in this story you have a history of this entire movement. First they ignore you. Then they ridicule you. And then they attack you and want to burn you. And then they build monuments to you. And that is what is going to happen to the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America." - Proceedings of the Third Biennial Convention of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (1918) p. 53 http://books.google.de/books?id=QrcpAAAAYAAJ&dq=ignore
Fälschlich zugeschrieben
„Das Volk ergreift man nicht mit dem Verstand, sondern mit dem Herzen.“
zitiert in: „Denkverbot, was Religion bedeutet.“, zitiert nach Hubertus Mynarek, „Gedanken zur Logik der Macht“, aus: „Aufklärung und Kritik“ 1/1998, S. 27 ff.
Mahátma Gándhí Zitate und Sprüche
Ausgewählte Texte, Hrsg. von Richard Attenborough, Goldmann Verlag, 1989, ISBN 3442065771
("Nonviolence is ‘not a resignation from all real fighting against wickedness’. On the contrary, the nonviolence of my conception is a more active and real fight against wickedness than retaliation whose very nature is to increase wickedness." - Young India October 8, 1925 http://books.google.de/books?id=dstUBU3bo4gC&pg=PA33, http://www.mkgandhi.org/nonviolence/gstruggle.htm
In Sevagram - Gandhiji's ashram and other institutions in Wardha (1969) von R.V. Rao heißt es, Gandhi habe in seinen dortigen Räumen neben einem Zitat von John Ruskin über die Lüge ein weiteres von "G.C. Larimer" ausgestellt: "When you are in the right you can afford to keep your temper and when you are in the wrong, you can't afford to lose it", p. 6 books.google http://books.google.de/books?id=Djw2AAAAIAAJ&q=larimer.
Tatsächlich findet sich das Zitat in George Horace Lorimers ab 1901/02 in zahlreichen Auflagen veröffentlichten Letters from A Self-Made Merchant To His Son, Being the Letters written by John Graham, Head of the House of Graham & Company, Pork-Packers in Chicago, [...] to his Son, Pierrepont [...], No. 7: Omaha September 1st, 189-, en.wikisource https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letters_from_a_Self-Made_Merchant_to_His_Son/Letter_7#81, gutenberg.org http://www.gutenberg.org/files/21959/21959-h/21959-h.htm & p. 83 archive.org https://archive.org/stream/lettersfromasel01lorigoog#page/n106/mode/2up.
Schon am 1. März 1958 hatte The Saturday Evening Post den Artikel What Negroes Can Learn From Gandhi von Chester Bowles veröffentlicht, in dem es ohne Bezug auf Lorimer, den früheren Chefredakteur und Herausgeber der Post, heißt: "On the wall over Gandhi's simple bed hung a sign: 'When you are in the right you can afford to keep your temper; and when you are wrong you cannot afford to lose it'", http://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/negroes&g.htm.
Fälschlich zugeschrieben
nach Hubertus Mynarek, „Gedanken zur Logik der Macht“, aus: „Aufklärung und Kritik“ 1/1998 http://www.gkpn.de/id142.htm, S. 27 ff.
("To see the universal and all-pervading Spirit of Truth face to face one must be able to love the meanest of creation as oneself. And a man who aspires after that cannot afford to keep out of any field of life. That is why my devotion to Truth has drawn me into the field of politics; and I can say without the slightest hesitation, and yet in all humility, that those who say that religion has nothing to do with politics do not know what religion means." - An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Originaltitel: Sathiya Sodhani. Übersetzung aus dem Gujarati von Mahadev Desai. Schlusskapitel: Farewell .mkgandhi.org http://www.mkgandhi.org/autobio/chap168.htm
Young India, 14.10.1924; zitiert in: The Columbia Dictionary of Quotations; Timothy R. Jennings, Ein gesunder Geist: Wie erlangen wir ihn, Advent-Verlag, S. 22
"Attribution of omnipotence to reason is as bad a piece of idolatry as is worship of stock and stone believing it to be God. [...] I plead not for the suppression of reason, but for a due recognition of that in us which sanctifies reason itself." - in: Young India Oct. 14, 1926 http://books.google.de/books?id=ZHjjAAAAMAAJ&q=despising. p. 359 http://books.google.de/books?id=ZHjjAAAAMAAJ&q=idolatry
Mahátma Gándhí: Zitate auf Englisch
September 1924. Mahadev Desai, Day to Day with Gandhi, Volume 4, p. 165.
1920s
‘Harijan’, English weekly (founded by M.K. Gandhi), Poona, May 11, 1935
1930s
In his Letter to Premabehn Kantak, in Collected Works, , Delhi. Ministry of Information (1969-94)., 50:309-10
1930s
Young India (24 April 1931), p. 274
1930s
Article http://books.google.com/books?id=lHnjAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Remember+that+there+is+always+a+limit+to+self-indulgence+but+none+to+self-restraint+and+let+us+daily+progress+in+that+direction%22 in Young India (2 February 1928, Volume 10, Page 35)
Posthumous publications (1950s and later)
Young India (8 October 1924). Quoted in Teachings of Mahatma Gandhi (1945), edited by Jag Parvesh Chander, Indian Printing Works, page 242 http://archive.org/stream/teachingsofmahat029222mbp#page/n247.
1920s
“An eye for an eye will make the whole world blind.”
1914: "If…we were to go back to…'an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth,' there would be very few [Honourable] Gentlemen in this House who would not…be blind and toothless." — George Perry Graham, during a debate on capital punishment before the Canadian House of Commons. Official Report of the Debates of the House of Commons of the Dominion of Canada, Third Session-Twelfth Parliament, Vol CXIII, p. 496, February 5, 1914. http://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.debates_HOC1203_01/508
1950: "An-eye-for-an-eye-for-an-eye-for-an-eye … ends in making everybody blind" in The Life of Mahatma Gandhi by Louis Fischer (1950), though Fischer did not attribute it to Gandhi and seemed to be giving his own description of Gandhi's philosophy.
1958: "The old law of an eye for an eye leaves everybody blind" in Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story by Martin Luther King, Jr., 1958.
1982: "An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind" in the 1982 film, Gandhi. In a 1993 biographical article about screenwriter John Briley, Jon Krampner wrote, "…Gandhi never said it. Michigan graduate John Briley put those pithy words in his mouth." From "John Briley '51 - Epic Screenwriter", Michigan Today, March 1993, p. 12. http://michigantoday.umich.edu/93/Mar_and_Oct_93/Mar_93/briley.html
2006: There is a quaternary source in Yale Book of Quotations http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w5-GR-qtgXsC&pg=PA269&dq=whole-world-blind+ (2006), in which editor Fred R. Shapiro states that the Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence stated that Gandhi's family believes it authentic, but did not provide any further reference and provided no year, place or body of work.
2006: Discussed in The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When, by Ralph Keyes (2006), 1st ed., p. 74.
2010: Research detailed by Garson O'Toole in "An Eye for an Eye Will Make the Whole World Blind" http://quoteinvestigator.com/2010/12/27/eye-for-eye-blind/ in Quote Investigator http://quoteinvestigator.com/.
Misattributed
The Great Sentinel http://books.google.com/books?id=6XRDAAAAYAAJ&q=galloping in Young India 13 October 1921
1920s
“We need to be the change we wish to see in the world.”
There is "no reliable documentary evidence for the quotation", according to an article in The New York Times. Brian Morton, "Falser Words Were Never Spoken" http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/opinion/falser-words-were-never-spoken.html?_r=0, New York Times, 2011-08-29. It is not found as a direct Gandhi quotation in the 98-volume authorized Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Misquotes that Bapu is forced to wear http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-03/ahmedabad/30238203_1_bapu-tushar-gandhi-gandhiji
The earliest evidence for quotes of this type comes from the "Love Project", an initiative begun at 1970 at a high school in Brooklyn, New York by teacher Arleen Lorrance. According to the project's website http://www.consciousnesswork.com/love.htm, "Be the change you want to see happen, instead of trying to change anyone else" was one the principles of the Project "received" by Lorrance in 1970 -- but contemporaneous evidence for this has not been found.
A 1972 newspaper article states: "Instead of advocating change in people and things, ... Love Project encourages people to actually be change itself". [San Antonio Express, 1972-09-28, 76, 'Love Project' Marks End of Quest, Ron, Fulkerson, https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12194386/love_project_1972/]
In 1974, Lorrance wrote, in a report on the Project: "One way to start a preventative program is to be the change you want to see happen." ( "The Love Project" https://books.google.com/books?id=NcTimfiMzYUC&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=arleen+lorrance+love+project+1972&source=bl&ots=X5fggiqrCZ&sig=JoOzC2X1QU1eePkOBoy-60rJ1RE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiAwIv-_a_MAhUBW2MKHYBQDFIQ6AEIQDAH#v=onepage&q=%22be%20the%20change%22&f=false, in Kellough (ed.), Developing Priorities and a Style, MSS, 1974).
In 1976, a newspaper report listed "'Be the change you want to see happen, instead of trying to change anyone else" as one of the principles of the Love Project. 'A Ministry Called "The Love Project", St Louis Post Dispatch, 1976-11-15, p. 36
In 1987, a similar quote was attributed to Gandhi in a New Mexico newspaper: "You must be the change you wish to see in the world". Hollis Engley, "A Long List of Varied Accomplishments" https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5211946/a_long_list_of_varied_accomplishments/, The New Mexican, Santa Fe, NM, 1987-01-11, p. D-1
In 1991,"We must be the change we wish to see in the world" is attributed to Gandhi in Stella Cornelius, "Partners in Conflict Resolution", from Barnaby (ed.), Building a More Democratic United Nations (1991) Google Book link https://books.google.com/books?id=rcYYoLsFNmAC&pg=PA70&dq=%22be+the+change%22+%22wish+to+see%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMI4ufD3tSLyQIVFFJjCh1muQX6#v=onepage&q=%22be%20the%20change%22%20%22wish%20to%20see%22&f=false
Arun Gandhi, grandson of Mahatma Gandhi, has attributed the quote to his famous grandfather since at least 2000 https://web.archive.org/web/20000823060048/http://www.jca.apc.org/g21/panelists.htm. See also "Arun Gandhi Shares the Mahatma's Message" by Michel W. Potts, in India - West [San Leandro, California] Vol. XXVII, No. 13 (1 February 2002) p. A34, and "Be the change you wish to see: An interview with Arun Gandhi" by Carmella B'Hahn, Reclaiming Children and Youth [Bloomington] Vol. 10, No. 1 (Spring 2001) p. 6.< It is not clear whether Arun claims to have directly witnessed his grandfather saying it, or whether he heard of it second-hand.
Misattributed
Statement during his trial for "exciting disaffection toward His Majesty's Government as established by law in India" (18 March 1922)
1920s
Young India (24 April 1924)
1920s
“My uniform experience has convinced me that there is no other God than Truth.”
Farewell, p. 453
1920s, An Autobiography (1927)
“Any action that is dictated by fear or by coercion of any kind ceases to be moral.”
Ethical Religion, S. Ganesan, Madras (1922) p. 8
1920s
Gandhi's comments privately told to Manuben in 1947. Quoted from Hiro, D. (2015). The longest August: The unflinching rivalry between India and Pakistan. New York, NY: Nation Books.
1940s
Harijan, 30-1-1937, p. 407; In: My God (1962), Chapter 13. Pathways of God http://www.mkgandhi.org/god/mygod/pathwaystogod.html, Printed and Published by: Jitendra T. Desai, Navajivan Mudranalaya, Ahemadabad-380014 India
Posthumous publications (1950s and later)
Young India (19 January 1928)
1920s
“[asked what he thought of modern civilization] That would be a good idea.”
variant: "I think it would be a good idea" when asked what he thought of Western civilization.
On p. 75 of Ralph Keyes' book The Quote Verifier (2006), Keyes writes: 'During his first visit to England, when asked what he though of modern civilization, Gandhi is said to have told news reporters, "That would be a good idea." The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations cites E. F. Schumacher's Good Work as its source for this Gandhiism, as does Nigel Rees in the Cassell Companion to Quotations. In that 1979 book, Schumacher said he saw Gandhi make this remark in a filmed record of his quizzing by reporters as he disembarked in Southampton while visiting England in 1930. Gandhi did not visit England in 1930. He did attend a roundtable conference on India's future in London the following year. Standard biographies of Gandhi do not report his making any such quip as he disembarked. Most often it has been revised to be Gandhi's assessment of "Western" civilization: "I think it would be a good idea." A retort such as this seems a little flip for Gandhi, and must be regarded as questionable. A comprehensive collection of his observations includes no such remark among twelve entries for "Civilization."'
The quote was attributed to Gandhi in various sources prior to Schumacher's 1979 book mentioned by Keyes above, though none have been found that mention where and when he gave this answer. The earliest located on google books being Reader's Digest, Volume 91 from 1967, p. 52, where it is attributed to a CBS News Special called "The Italians", described here http://www.larchmontgazette.com/news/bernard-birnbaum-cbs-award-winning-producer-dead-at-89/ as "a 1966 look at the nation and its people based on the book by Luigi Barzini", produced by Bernard Birnbaum and one of the 1966/1967 Emmy award winners http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0151531.html. A discussion of the quote on "The Quote Investigator" website here http://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/04/23/good-idea/ mentions that on "The Italians" the quote was attributed to Gandhi.
Disputed
“A man is but the product of his thoughts. What he thinks, he becomes.”
In Ethical Religion, (Madras: S. Ganesan, 1922), p. 62 http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015002732066?urlappend=%3Bseq=66
1920s
Variante: A man is but the product of his thoughts. What he thinks, he becomes.
“Every Hindu boy and girl should possess sound Sanskrit learning.”
Part I, Chapter 5, At the High School
1920s, An Autobiography (1927)
Modern Review (October, 1935) p. 412. Interview with Nirmal Kumar Bose (9/10 November 1934)
1930s
“Action expresses priorities.”
Apparently a rephrasing of "Actions express priorities," from Peak Performers http://books.google.com/books?id=ztKNTGYyqokC&pg=PA78 (1987) by Charles A. Garfield. The phrase is adjacent to a Gandhi quote in at least one list of quotations alphabetized by last name.
Misattributed
Harijan (1933, July 8); also in Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (Vol. 61), and in The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi (Prabhu and Rao, eds., 1967, pp. 33-34)
1930s
citation needed
Posthumous publications (1950s and later)
“Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.”
Variant on aphorism "Study as if you were to live forever. Live as if you were to die tomorrow" pre-dating Gandhi, variously attributed to Isidore of Seville (c. 560 – 636), in FPA Book of Quotations (1952) by Franklin Pierce Adams, to Edmund Rich (1175–1240) in American Journal of Education (1877), or to Alain de Lille in Samuel Smiles's Duty https://books.google.com/books?id=33UzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA363&dq=live+die+tomorrow+learn+forever&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd3s_2m57MAhWFMGMKHe-sAl8Q6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=live%20die%20tomorrow%20learn%20forever&f=false (1881).
The 1995 book "The good boatman: a portrait of Gandhi," states that Gandhi subscribed "to the view that a man should live thinking he might die tomorrow but learn as if he would live forever."
In his 2010 Boyer lecture Glyn Davis (Professor of Political Science and Vice-Chancellor of Melbourne University) attributes the quote to Desiderius Erasmus. "He [Erasmus] reworked Pliny to urge 'live as if you are to die tomorrow, study as if you were to live forever'. Many students obey the first clause - the best heed both."
There is a similar quote by Johann Gottfried Herder: "Mensch, genieße dein Leben, als müssest morgen du weggehn; Schone dein Leben, als ob ewig du weiletest hier." ["Man, enjoy your life as if you were to depart tomorrow; spare your life as if you were to linger here forever."] (Zerstreute Blätter, 1785).
Disputed
“If you don't ask, you don't get.”
Widespread late 20th century aphorism that appears to have been first attributed to Gandhi in various self-help books of the early 2000s. Google Books http://books.google.co.uk/books?lr=&as_brr=0&q=%22If+you+don%27t+ask%2C+you+don%27t+get%22+Gandhi&btnG=Search+Books
Disputed
