Benito Mussolini Zitate

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini anhören?/i war von 1922 bis 1943 Ministerpräsident des Königreiches Italien. Als Duce del Fascismo und Capo del Governo stand er ab 1925 als Diktator an der Spitze des faschistischen Regimes in Italien.

Nach journalistischen Anfängen in der sozialistischen Presse Italiens stieg Mussolini 1912 zum Chefredakteur des PSI-Zentralorgans Avanti! auf. Als er dort offen nationalistische Positionen vertrat, wurde er im Herbst 1914 entlassen und aus der sozialistischen Partei ausgeschlossen. Mit finanzieller Unterstützung der italienischen Regierung, einiger Industrieller und ausländischer Diplomaten gründete Mussolini bald darauf die Zeitung Il Popolo d’Italia. 1919 gehörte Mussolini zu den Gründern der radikal nationalistischen und antisozialistischen faschistischen Bewegung, als deren „Führer“ er sich bis 1921 etablierte.

Im Oktober 1922 berief König Viktor Emanuel III. Mussolini nach dem sogenannten Marsch auf Rom an die Spitze eines Koalitionskabinetts, dem Faschisten, Konservative, Katholiken und Liberale angehörten. Mit einer Wahlrechtsreform sicherte Mussolini der durch die Fusion mit der nationalkonservativen Associazione Nazionalista Italiana zur rechten Sammlungsbewegung gewordenen faschistischen Partei 1923/24 die Mehrheit der Parlamentssitze und legte nach der sogenannten Matteotti-Krise, in der er 1924 nur knapp dem Sturz entging, mit einer Reihe von Maßnahmen das Fundament der faschistischen Diktatur . In den von ihm geführten Regierungen war Mussolini zugleich auch Außenminister , Innenminister , Kriegsminister , Marineminister und Luftfahrtminister . Als Capo der Regierung erließ Mussolini Dekrete mit Gesetzeskraft und war formal nur gegenüber dem Monarchen verantwortlich.

Mussolinis Außenpolitik zielte von Anfang an auf die Schaffung einer italienischen Vormachtstellung im Mittelmeerraum und auf dem Balkan, wodurch früh ein Gegensatz zu Frankreich entstand. In der europäischen Politik suchte er bis in die erste Hälfte der 1930er Jahre vor allem die Verständigung mit Großbritannien. 1929 beendete Mussolini mit den Lateranverträgen die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen dem italienischen Nationalstaat und dem Papsttum. Dem deutschen Einflussgewinn in Mittel- und Südosteuropa trat er zunächst entgegen . Nach der von den Westmächten nicht gebilligten und mit Wirtschaftssanktionen beantworteten italienischen Eroberung Äthiopiens näherte sich Mussolini bis 1937 Deutschland an und schloss im Mai 1939 ein Militärbündnis mit dem Reich. Am 10. Juni 1940 trat er – in der Annahme, der Krieg werde nur noch wenige Monate dauern – auf deutscher Seite in den Zweiten Weltkrieg ein. Die italienischen Angriffe auf britische Positionen im östlichen Mittelmeer und in Ostafrika scheiterten jedoch ebenso wie der von Mussolini befohlene Angriff auf Griechenland noch im gleichen Jahr, wodurch Italien die Fähigkeit zu selbständiger Kriegführung weitgehend verlor.

Die sich seit dem Herbst 1942 rasch zuspitzende politische, soziale und militärische Krise des Regimes untergrub auch Mussolinis persönliche Diktatur. Im Juli 1943 wurde er von oppositionellen Faschisten und monarchistischen Kräften gestürzt, die das Bündnis mit Deutschland lösen und einer antifaschistischen Massenbewegung zuvorkommen wollten. Aus der Haft befreit, stand er bis 1945 an der Spitze der Repubblica Sociale Italiana, eines deutschen Marionettenstaates in Nord- und Mittelitalien. In den letzten Kriegstagen wurde Mussolini von kommunistischen Partisanen festgenommen und hingerichtet.

✵ 29. Juli 1883 – 28. April 1945
Benito Mussolini Foto
Benito Mussolini: 133   Zitate 16   Gefällt mir

Benito Mussolini Berühmte Zitate

„Unser Kampf ist undankbar, aber er ist schön, denn er verpflichtet uns, daß wir uns nur auf unsere Kräfte verlassen.“

Navigare necesse. In: Popolo d'Italia, 1. Januar 1922, und in: Diuturna, S. 223.

„Der Sinn für den Staat ist tief im Bewusstsein der Italiener verankert, die das Gefühl haben, dass nur der Staat die unersetzliche Garantie ihrer Einheit und ihrer Unabhängigkeit ist: dass nur der Staat die Kontinuität ihrer Abstammung und ihrer Geschichte in der Zukunft darstellt!“

Original: (it) Il senso dello Stato grandeggia nella coscienza degli Italiani, i quali sentono che solo lo Stato è la insostituibile garanzia della loro unità e della loro indipendenza: che solo lo Stato rappresenta la continuità nell'avvenire della loro stirpe e della loro storia!
Quelle: Botschaft zum achten Jahr (25. Oktober 1929) https://www.adamoli.org/benito-mussolini/pag0454-.htm

Benito Mussolini: Zitate auf Englisch

“The Socialists ask what is our program? Our program is to smash the heads of the Socialists.”

Article in Popolo d'Italia, quoted in "A History of Terrorism" (2001) by Walter Laqueur, p. 71
Undated

“We do not argue with those who disagree with us, we destroy them.”

The Lazio Speeches (1936), as quoted in The Book of Italian Wisdom by Antonio Santi, Citadel Press, 2003. p. 88.
1930s

“All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.”

Speech to Chamber of Deputies (9 December 1928), quoted in Propaganda and Dictatorship (2007) by Marx Fritz Morstein, p. 48
1920s

“For this I have been and am a socialist.”

The accusation of inconsistency has no foundation. My conduct has always been straight in the sense of looking at the substance of things and not to the form. I adapted socialisticamente to reality. As the evolution of society belied many of the prophecies of Marx, the true socialism folded from possible to probable. The only feasible socialism socialisticamente is corporatism, confluence, balance and justice interests compared to the collective interest.
As quoted in “Soliloquy for ‘freedom’ Trimellone island”, on the Italian Island of Trimelone, journalist Ivanoe Fossani, one of the last interviews of Mussolini, March 20, 1945, from Opera omnia, vol. 32. Interview is also known as "Testament of Benito Mussolini, or Testamento di Benito Mussolini. Also published under “Mussolini confessed to the stars”, Publishing House Latinitas, Rome, 1952. (Intervista di Ivanoe Fossani, Soliloquio in “libertà” all'isola Trimellone, Isola del Trimellone, 20 marzo 1945)
1940s

“Fascism entirely agrees with Mr. Maynard Keynes”

As quoted from Mussolini's review of Keynes' new book in Universal Aspects of Fascism, James Strachey Barnes, Williams and Norgate, London: UK, (1928) pp. 113-114
Kontext: Fascism entirely agrees with Mr. Maynard Keynes, despite the latter's prominent position as a Liberal. In fact, Mr. Keynes' excellent little book, The End of Laissez-Faire (1926) might, so far as it goes, serve as a useful introduction to fascist economics. There is scarcely anything to object to in it and there is much to applaud.

“You cannot get rid of me because I am and always will be a socialist. You hate me because you still love me.”

Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini: A Biography (1983) p. 8. As quoted by Mussolini after he was expelled from the Italian Socialist Party in 1914.
1910s

“Silence is the only answer you should give to the fools. Where ignorance speaks, intelligence should not give advices.”

The Lazio Speeches (1936), as quoted in The Book of Italian Wisdom by Antonio Santi, Citadel Press, (2003) p. 87.
1930s

“You want to know what fascism is like? It is like your New Deal!”

As quoted by Mussolini in Mr. New York: The Autobiography of Grover A. Whalen by Grover Aloysius Whalen, G.P. Putnam’s Sons (1955) p. 188. Mussolini explained Fascism to Whalen in 1939.
Undated

“As the past century was the century of capitalist power, the twentieth century is the century of power and glory of labour.”

Four Speeches on the Corporate State, Rome, (1935) pp. 39-40. Speech delivered to the workers in Milan. Eric Jabbari, Pierre Laroque and the Welfare State in Postwar France, Oxford University Press, (2012) p. 46
Kontext: Fascism establishes the real equality of individuals before the nation… the object of the regime in the economic field is to ensure higher social justice for the whole of the Italian people… What does social justice mean? It means work guaranteed, fair wages, decent homes, it means the possibility of continuous evolution and improvement. Nor is this enough. It means that the workers must enter more and more intimately into the productive process and share its necessary discipline… As the past century was the century of capitalist power, the twentieth century is the century of power and glory of labour.

“For Fascism, the growth of Empire, that is to say the expansion of the nation, is an essential manifestation of vitality, and its opposite a sign of decadence.”

Kontext: For Fascism, the growth of Empire, that is to say the expansion of the nation, is an essential manifestation of vitality, and its opposite a sign of decadence. Peoples which are rising, or rising again after a period of decadence, are always imperialist; any renunciation is a sign of decay and of death. Fascism is the doctrine best adapted to represent the tendencies and the a people, like the people of Italy, who are rising again after many centuries of abasement and foreign servitude. But Empire demands discipline, the coordination of all forces and a deeply felt sense of duty and sacrifice.

“We are fighting to impose a higher social justice.”

The others are fighting to maintain the privileges of caste and class. We are proletarian nations that rise up against the plutocrats.
As quoted in “Soliloquy for ‘freedom’ Trimellone island”, on the Italian Island of Trimelone, journalist Ivanoe Fossani, one of the last interviews of Mussolini, March 20, 1945, from Opera omnia, vol. 32. Interview is also known as "Testament of Benito Mussolini, or Testamento di Benito Mussolini. Also published under “Mussolini confessed to the stars”, Publishing House Latinitas, Rome, 1952. (Intervista di Ivanoe Fossani, Soliloquio in “libertà” all'isola Trimellone, Isola del Trimellone, 20 marzo 1945)
1940s

“I declare that henceforth capital and labor shall have equal rights and duties as brothers in the fascist family.”

As quoted in The Fate of Trade Unions Under Fascism https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A31735061539114/viewer#page/2/mode/2up, by Gaetano Salvemini, Chap. 3: “Italian Trade Unions under Fascism”, New York, NY, published by the Anti-Fascist Literature Committee, (1937), p. 35, Mussolini’s statement (Feb. 1928)
1930s

“For us the national flag is a rag to be planted on a dunghill. There are only two fatherlands in the world: that of the exploited and that of the exploiters.”

La Lotta di Classe (1910), while a socialist, paraphrasing French socialist Gustave Hervé, quoted in Mussolini in the Making (1938) by Gaudens Megaro
Variant translation: The national flag is a rag that should be placed in a dunghill.
As quoted in Aspects of European History, 1789-1980 (1988) by Stephen J. Lee, p. 191
1910s

“Better to live a day as a lion than 100 years as a sheep.”

Attributed in "Duce (1922-42)" in TIME magazine (2 August 1943)
Also quoted by Generale Armando Diaz in "Il pensiero dei leoni" in Il Carroccio. The Italian review (1922) attributed to graffiti by an unknown soldier https://archive.org/stream/ilcarroccioitali15newyuoft#page/14/mode/2up
Though not precisely a repetition of any of them, this is somewhat resembles far earlier remarks attributed to others:
An army of sheep led by a lion is better than an army of lions led by a sheep.
Attributed to Alexander the Great, in The British Battle Fleet : Its Inception and Growth Throughout the Centuries to the Present Day (1915) by Frederick Thomas Jane
To live like a lion for a day is far better than to live like a jackal for a hundred years.
Tipu Sultan, as quoted in Encyclopedia of Asian History (1988) Vol. 4, p. 104
It is far better to live like a tiger for a day than to live like a jackal for a hundred years.
Tipu Sultan, as quoted in Tipu Sultan : A Study in Diplomacy and Confrontation (1982) by B. Sheikh Ali, p. 329
I should prefer an army of stags led by a lion, to an army of lions led by a stag.
Chabrias, as quoted in A Treatise on the Defence of Fortified Places (1814) by Lazare Carnot, p. 50
He has been frequently heard to say, that in this world he would rather live two days like a tiger, than two hundred years like a sheep.
Tipu Sultan, as quoted in A View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun; Comprising a Narrative of the Operations of the Army under the Command of Lieutenant-General George Harris, and of the Siege of Seringapatam (London, G. and W. Nicol, 1800) by Alexander Beatson, pp. 153-154. http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/7905/212261_Origin_And_Conduct_Of_The_War_With_Tipoo_Sultaun.pdf https://indianhistorybooks3.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/99999990039373-view-of-the-origin-and-conduct-of-the-war-with-tipoo-sultan.pdf
1940s

“State intervention in economic production arises only when private initiative is lacking or insufficient, or when the political interests of the State are involved. This intervention may take the form of control, assistance or direct management.”

Quoted from “The Labor Charter: The Corporate State and its Organization”, promulgated by Mussolini's Grand Council of Fascism, Article 9, (April 21, 1927) Copy found in Mediterranean Fascism 1919-1945, Charles F. Delzell, The MacMillan Press, (1971) p. 122. Also in Benito Mussolini’s “Doctrine of Fascism”, published as “Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions” (1935), Rome: Ardita Publishers, p.135-136.
1920s

“Let us have a dagger between our teeth, a bomb in our hands and an infinite scorn in our hearts.”

Speech (1928), as quoted in The Great Quotations (1966) by George Seldes, p. 349
1920s

“War is to man what motherhood is to a woman. From a philosophical and doctrinal viewpoint, I do not believe in perpetual peace.”

Speech to the Chamber of Deputies (28 April 1939), quoted in The Military Quotation Book (2002) by James Charlton, p. 2
1930s

“The law of socialism is that of the desert: a tooth for a tooth, an eye for an eye. Socialism is a rude and bitter truth, which was born in the conflict of opposing forces and in violence. Socialism is war, and woe to those who are cowardly in war. They will be defeated.”

As quoted in Il Duce: The Life and Work of Benito Mussolini, L. Kemechey, New York: NY, Richard R. Smith (1930) p. 56. Written just before taking editorship of the Italian Socialist Party newspaper Avanti in 1912.
1910s

“It is no longer economy aiming at individual profit, but economy concerned with collective interest.”

Mussolini, Four Speeches on the Corporate State, Laboremus, Roma, 1935, p. 38
1930s

“If I advance; follow me! If I retreat; kill me! If I die; avenge me!”

Attributed to Mussolini by G. K. Chesterton in G. K's Weekly (1925), and later appearing in "Duce (1922-42)" in TIME magazine (2 August 1943), this actually originates with Henri de la Rochejaquelein (1793), as quoted in Narrative of the French Expedition in Egypt, and the Operations in Syria (1816) by Jacques Miot
Attributed

“The best blood will at some time get into a fool or a mosquito.”

Austin O'Malley, in Keystones of Thought (1914), p. 27
Attributed

“Speeches made to the people are essential to the arousing of enthusiasm for a war.”

As quoted in Talks with Mussolini, Emil Ludwig, Boston, MA, Little, Brown and Company (1933). Mussolini’s interview was in 1932.
1930s

“I bequeath the republic to the republicans and not to the monarchists, and the work of social reform to the socialist and not to the middle class.”

Joshua Muravchik, as quoted in Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism, Encounter Books (2002) p. 170.
Undated

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