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Alan Francis Chalmers ist ein britischer Hochschullehrer für Philosophie. Er befasste sich an der University of Sydney insbesondere mit der historischen Entwicklung der Naturwissenschaften und den philosophischen Grundlagen der Naturwissenschaften. Alan Chalmers studierte Physik an der University of Bristol, der Universität Manchester und der Universität London.

Er veröffentlichte zahlreiche Artikel zur Wissenschaftstheorie, deren Kernaussagen er in zwei Büchern zusammenfasste. Sein zentrales Thema ist die Suche nach einer philosophischen Grundlage der Wissenschaften, die jene von Pseudowissenschaften abgrenzen kann.



Wege der Wissenschaft. Einführung in die Wissenschaftstheorie

Grenzen der WissenschaftIm ersten Buch betrachtet und verwirft er den naiven Induktivismus und Falsifizierbarkeit als unzureichende Grundlagen der Naturwissenschaften. In seinem zweiten Buch lehnt er sowohl Karl Poppers Kritischen Rationalismus als auch Paul Feyerabends Relativismus als geeignete Kandidaten einer Axiomatisierung der Wissenschaften ab, den ersten, da er zu starr sei und der historischen Entwicklung der Wissenschaften widerspreche, den letzten, da er Pseudowissenschaften zulasse. Als Alternative schlägt er vor, Wissenschaften über ihren Zweck, eine einheitliche Beschreibung der Welt zu bieten, zu definieren, und ihren Erfolg daran zu messen, wie die Wissenschaft diesen Zweck erfüllt. Wikipedia  

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Alan Francis Chalmers: Zitate auf Englisch

“Two normal observers viewing the same object from the same place under the same physical circumstances do not necessarily have identical visual experiences, even though the images on their respective retinas may be virtually identical.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 1, Science as knowledge derived form the facts of experience, p. 5.

“The experienced and skilled observer does not have perceptual experiences identical to those of the untrained novice when the two confront the same situation.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 1, Science as knowledge derived form the facts of experience, p. 8.

“The aim of science is to falsify theories and to replace them by better theories, theories that demonstrate a greater ability to withstand tests.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 6, Sophisticated falsification, novel predictions and the growth of science, p. 83

“Empiricism and positivism share the common view that scientific knowledge should in some way be derived from the facts arrived at by observation.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 1, Science as knowledge derived form the facts of experience, p. 3.

“Many kinds of processes are at work in the world around us, and they are all superimposed on, and interact with, each other in complicated ways.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 3, Experiment, p. 28.

“The greater the number of conjectured theories that are confronted by the realities of the world, and the more speculative those conjectures are, the greater will be the chances of major advances in science.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 5, Introducing falsification, p. 67.

“The confirmations of novel predictions resulting from bold conjectures are very important in the falsificationist account of the growth of science.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 6, Sophisticated falsification, novel predictions and the growth of science, p. 81.

“A far as perception is concerned, the only things with which an observer has direct and immediate contact are his or her experiences.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 1, Science as knowledge derived form the facts of experience, p. 8.

“Science progresses by trial and error, by conjectures and refutations. Only the fittest theories survive.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 5, Introducing falsification, p. 60.

“Which facts are relevant and which are not relevant to a science will be relative to the current state of development of that science.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 3, Experiment, p. 27.

“Science describes not just the observable world but also the world that lies beyond the appearances. This is a rough statement of realism with respect to science.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 15, Realism and anti-realism, p. 226.

“No matter which comes first, the facts or the theory, the question to be addressed is the extent to which the theory is borne out by the facts. The strongest possible claim would be that the theory can be logically derived from the facts. That is, given the facts, the theory can be proven as a consequence of them. This strong claim cannot be substantiated.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 4, Deriving theories from facts: induction, p. 41.

“A mature science is governed by a single paradigm.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 8, Theories as structures I: Kuhn's paradigms, p. 109.

“Science is widely esteemed. Apparently it is a widely held belief that there is something special about science and its methods.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Introduction, p. xix.
What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999)

“It should be no news to anyone that the perceptual judgements of individuals can be unreliable for a range of reasons. The challenge, in science, is to arrange the observable situation in such a way that the reliance on such judgements is minimised if not eliminated.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 2, Observation as practical intervention, p. 21.

“Scientists are typically good at making scientific progress, but not particularly good at articulating what the progress consists of.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 16, Epilogue, p. 252.

“Establishing by observation that there is just one black swan falsifies "all swans are white". This is an unexceptional and undeniable point. However, using it as grounds to support a falsificationist philosophy of science is not as straightforward as it might seem.”

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Alan Chalmers buch What Is This Thing Called Science?

Quelle: What Is This Thing Called Science? (Third Edition; 1999), Chapter 7, The limitations of falsificationism, p. 87.

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