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Adam Schaff Zitate

Adam Schaff war ein polnischer marxistischer Philosoph.

Adam Schaff entstammte einer Familie polnischer Advokaten. Er absolvierte sein Studium an der juristischen Fakultät der Universität Lemberg und an der École des Sciences Politiques et Économiques in Paris, promovierte 1945 in Philosophie an der Moskauer Lomonossow-Universität. Nach dem Krieg hatte er in Łódź den Lehrstuhl für Philosophie inne. Ab 1948 war er außerordentlicher, dann ordentlicher Professor in Warschau. Anfangs war Schaff linientreuer Anhänger eines orthodoxen Marxismus, ab Mitte der 1960er Jahre trug er wesentlich zur Entwicklung eines demokratischen Sozialismus bei.

Seine politische und wissenschaftliche Karriere war wechselhaft. Seit 1948 lehrte er Marxistische Philosophie an der Warschauer Universität. Ab 1951 war er Mitglied der polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, ab 1957 war er Direktor des Instituts für Philosophie und Soziologie an der Akademie der Wissenschaften. Von 1955 bis 1969 war er Mitglied im Zentralkomitee der Polnischen Vereinigten Arbeiterpartei, als dessen Chefideologe er galt. 1981 wurde er aus der Partei ausgeschlossen. Seit 1969 war er Mitglied des Club of Rome. In den 1970er Jahren lehrte er als Gastprofessor an der Universität Wien Sozialphilosophie. Auch nachdem sich 1989 der Ostblock aufgelöst hatte, setzte Adam Schaff seine Hoffnungen auf einen humanistischen Sozialismus.

✵ 10. März 1913 – 12. November 2006
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Adam Schaff: Zitate auf Englisch

“A system of opinions which, being founded on a system of accepted values, determines the attitudes and behavior of men with respect to desired objectives of development of the society, social group or individual.”

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Adam Schaff

Adam Schaff (1967), "Functional Definition, Ideology, and the Problem of the 'fin du siècle' of Ideology." L’Homme et la Société, April-June 1967. pp. 49-61; p. 50

“De Saussur… develops the concept of semiology as the science which studies the functioning of signs in society, and treats linguistics as a branch of such a general science of signs.”

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Adam Schaff

Quelle: Introduction to semantics, 1962, p. 4

“Neglect of the problem of the human individual leads to impoverishing Marxism at the theoretical level and to distorting it at the practical level. In this mistake lies the deep secret of Stalinism. This is why the protagonists of “true” Marxism — where the individual is absent—are so dangerous. I am referring not only to those who put Stalinism into practice, but also to its theorists, whose various political lucubrations and theoretical mistakes have resulted in the thesis that Marxism is anti-humanism. If this were the case, we would have to fight it. But it is a pure lie: Marxism is humanism, and it is the concern of Marxists to fight in the name of such humanism. This has always been my firm belief, as a Marxist and as a Communist. And this fact explains the choice of the lietmotif of my philosophical works.”

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Adam Schaff

Adam Schaff (1967) in: "Conversation with Ponzio," in Ponzio 2002; as cited in: Petrilli and Ponzio (2007)

“By contrast to the thesis which sets science against ideology, another thesis is presented here contrasting that which sets science against ideology. It maintains that not only are the propositions of science and ideology linked, in some cases they are even identical.”

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Adam Schaff

Quelle: Essays in the Philosophy of Language, 1967, p. 51

“Humanism does not exist in itself, just as man taken in himself and for himself does not exist. Only concrete man exists, man set in a particular age, living in a particular country, belonging to a particular social class, representing a particular tradition and particular personal ideals.”

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Adam Schaff

Adam Schaff (1947), cited in: Susan Petrilli and Augusto Ponzio (2007) "Adam Schaff: from Semantics to Political Semiotics." 9th World Congress of IASS/AIS. 2007.

“Ajdukiewicz's view, published in the Erkenntnis, certainly did not fail to influence the opinions held by the neo-positivist supporters of semantic philosophy. But Ajdukiewicz was not alone in his opinions which fitted Carnap's principle of tolerance and, e. g., the theories of C. G. Hempel.”

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Adam Schaff

Quelle: Introduction to semantics, 1962, p. 80-81

“For Witold Doroszewski, at the root of semantic analysis lies the philosophical issue of the relationship between the general and the particular, the starting point being the analysis of the function of the copula "is". Doroszewski analyses the problem of meaning as closely linked with denotation. It is in that question that he sees the focal point of semantics.
According to Doroszewski, the history of meaning consists in the growth of a "gap" between the sign and its designatum. and the cause of changes in meanings lies in the conflict between the general character of the sign and the need for its being made to rise to the occasion whenever it is concretely embodied.
The attitude of Doroszewski, a representative of linguistic semantics, is of interest not only because he draws concrete conclusions from the general definition of semantics, but also because of his reflections on the relationship between semantics as pursued by linguists, and semantics as pursued by logicians. By touching here upon that issue, I anticipate further analysis. This does not advance the clarity of exposition, but is, unfortunately, often inevitable. In this case, it is justified in so far as it helps us to realize better the specific traits of linguistic semantics and its research objectives.”

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Adam Schaff

Quelle: Introduction to semantics, 1962, p. 6

“When in accordance with the materialistic analysis of the cognitive process we consider thought and human consciousness as linguistic thought, as thought made of language (Marx maintained that language is “my consciousness and that of others”), it is evident that any analysis of the cognitive process must also be the analysis of the linguistic process, without which thought is simply impossible.”

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Adam Schaff

Quelle: Essays in the Philosophy of Language, 1967, p. 20-21

“The distinction between "language" and "speech" rests on easily observable facts. The theoretical aspect of the issue has been raised in contemporary literature only by de Saussure, although in the terminological sense all the languages (I refer here to our cultural circle and its traditions), beginning with the distinction … lingua and sermo in Latin, accept the difference between "language" as a system of linguistic facts and "speech" as the name of a type of action. Following de Saussure, that theoretical distinction has been adopted in all contemporary linguistics. Gardiner distinguishes between speech as an activity with clearly utilitarian ends in view, and language as a precise knowledge pertaining to communication by means of verbal signs'*. The differentiation has been adopted in the Marxist literature of the subject, linguistic, psychological, etc. In his Psychology (in Russian) S. L. Rubinshtein defines speech as language functioning in the context of individual consciousness, and compares the difference between speech and language to the difference between individual and social consciousness.”

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Adam Schaff

Quelle: Introduction to semantics, 1962, p. 316

“Semantics (semasiology) is a branch of linguistics. The questions which are of particular interest in this connection are — with what is that branch of linguistics concerned, and in what does it see the distinction between itself and the semantic problems found in contemporary logic.
To begin with the term itself: it comes from the eminent French linguist Bréal and is genetically connected with linguistics. In the late 19th century Michel Bréal published his Essai de semantique. Science des significations.”

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Adam Schaff

Introduction to semantics, 1962

“Through the prevailing social consciousness, social relations give shape to the individual who is born and educated in a specific society. In this sense, social relations create the individual.”

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Adam Schaff

Adam Schaff (1970:66), as cited in: John F Schostak (2012), Maladjusted Schooling (RLE Edu L). p. 25

“For Bréal, semantics was the science the subject matter of which was study of the cause and structure of the processes of changes in meanings of words: expansion and contraction of meanings, transfer of meanings, elevation and degradation of their value, etc.
Such a delineation of semantics as a branch of linguistics is maintained to this day, for all the differences between the various schools in linguistics. Such degree of uniformity is not confined to the definition of semantics alone. Not all authors give such a definition; some of them approach the issue from a different point of view as regards general classification… but all schools of linguistics engage in the study of the meanings of words and their changes. Thus all of them, in one way or another, engage in semantics as understood by Breal.”

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Adam Schaff

Quelle: Introduction to semantics, 1962, p. 4

“Science and ideology are closely connected to each other, in spite of those pedants who would like to separate them. In any case, since social praxis, which produces and promotes the develópment of language, is the common basis for both the relatively objective knowledge of the world, and for attitudes of evaluation, a genetic link exists.”

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Adam Schaff

Quelle: Essays in the Philosophy of Language, 1967, p. 127

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