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Die einsame Masse

David Riesman

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„Die Anpassung wird nicht dadurch bestimmt, daß das äußerliche Verhalten eines Menschen den gesellschaftlichen Normen entspricht, sondern richtet sich danach, ob seine Charakterstruktur mit ihnen in Einklang steht.“

David Riesman Die einsame Masse

Die einsame Masse. Eine Untersuchung der Wandlungen des amerikanischen Charakters, Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1958, S. 254 (Übetragung aus dem Amerikanischen: Renate Rausch) - Erste deutsche Ausgabe, Darmstadt; Berlin-Frohnau; Neuwied a. Rh.: Luchterhand, 1956 - amerikanische Originalausgabe "The Lonely Crowd" (1950 mit Nathan Glazer und Reuel Denney).
"In determining adjustment, the test is not whether an individual's overt behavior obeys social norms but whether his character structure does." - The Lonely Crowd. books.google http://books.google.de/books?id=EPiul5-CxMYC&pg=PA242

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David Riesman: Zitate auf Englisch

“The ethical regime [of the Jews] was quite definitely Ptolemaic, revolving around the small group of Jews, not the larger Gentile group—and, accordingly, they learned to remain unimpressed by Gentile temporal power. Being unimpressed did not mean being unafraid—material power might beat or starve one to death; it did mean refusing to surrender moral hegemony to the majority merely because it had power.”

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David Riesman

“A Philosophy for ‘Minority’ Living,” p. 56
Individualism Reconsidered (1954)

“Social Science … led us to the fallacy that, since all men have their being in culture and as a result of culture, they owe a debt to that culture which even a lifetime of altruism could not repay.”

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David Riesman

cited in Essays on Individuality (Philadelphia: 1958), p. 110

“Those who are excluded from meaningful work are, by and large, excluded from meaningful play.”

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David Riesman

“The Themes of Work and Play,” p. 333
Individualism Reconsidered (1954)

“We all know the type of American executive or professional man who does not allow himself to age, but by what appears to be almost sheer will keeps himself “well-preserved,” as if in creosote. … The will which burns within him, while often admirable, cannot be said to be truly “his”: it is compulsive; he has no control over it, but it controls him. He appears to exist in a psychological deep-freeze; new experience cannot get at him, but rather he fulfills himself by carrying out ever-renewed tasks which are given by his environment: he is borne along on the tide of cultural agendas. So long as these agendas remain, he is safe; he does not acquire wisdom, as the old of some cultures are said to do, but he does not lose skill—or if he does, is protected by his power from the consequences, perhaps the awareness, of loss of skill. In such a man, responsibility may substitute for maturity. Indeed, it could be argued that the protection furnished such people in the united States is particularly strong since their “youthfulness” remains a social and economic prestige-point and wisdom might actually, if it brought awareness of death and which the culture regarded as pessimism, be a count against them. … They prefigure … the cultural cosmetic that makes Americans appears youthful to other peoples. And, since they are well-fed, well-groomed, and vitamin-dosed, there may be an actual delay-in-transit of the usual physiological declines to partly compensate for lack of psychological growth. Their outward appearance of aliveness may mask inner sterility.”

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David Riesman

“Clinical and Cultural Aspects of the Aging Process,” p. 486
Individualism Reconsidered (1954)

“The premonition of death may for many be a stimulus to novelty of experience: the imminence of death serves to sweep away the inessential preoccupations for those who do not flee from the thought of death into triviality.”

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David Riesman

“Clinical and Cultural Aspects of the Aging Process,” p. 485
Individualism Reconsidered (1954)

“If we observe the aging of individuals, in the period after middle life, it seems to me that we can distinguish three ideal-typical outcomes. Some individuals bear within themselves some psychological sources of self-renewal; aging brings for them accretions of wisdom, with no loss of spontaneity and ability to enjoy life, and they are relatively independent of the culture’s strictures and penalties imposed on the aged. Other individuals, possibly the majority, bear within them no such resources but are the beneficiaries of a cultural preservative (derived from work, power, position, etc.) which sustains them although only so long as the cultural conditions remain stable and protective. A third group, protected neither from within nor from without, simply decay. In terms more fully delineated elsewhere, we may have autonomous, adjusted, and anomic reactions to aging.”

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David Riesman

“Clinical and Cultural Aspects of the Aging Process,” p. 484
Individualism Reconsidered (1954)

“The Autonomous. In the case of someone like Bertrand Russell or Toscanini, one feels an essential aliveness of spirit that reflexively keeps the body alive too, in the face of the inevitable physiological catabolisms. … Such men are not necessarily “balanced” or “well-adjusted” people: they may … get along well with very few people, or prefer the “company” of dead people. … One can see in such cases a passionate interest or preoccupation which has remained alive since childhood—though perhaps newly justified or rediscovered in middle life. … Such individuals are fairly immune to cultural changes, or to cultural definitions of their own physical changes: they carry their preservative, their “spirits,” within. … As long as the body does not actively prevent, these men are immortal because of their ability to renew themselves.”

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David Riesman

“Clinical and Cultural Aspects of the Aging Process,” pp. 484-485
Individualism Reconsidered (1954)

“A spurious democracy has influenced both our research methods (I am sometimes tempted to define “validity” as part of the context of an experiment demanding so little in the way of esoteric gift that any number can play at it, provided they have taken a certain number of courses) and our research subjects”

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David Riesman

it would be deemed snobbish to investigate only the best people
“Clinical and Cultural Aspects of the Aging Process,” p. 485
Individualism Reconsidered (1954)