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“That is why so many Sorelians, like many people on the Left both before and after the war, slid into fascism. When these leftists of all shapes and colors came to the conclusion that the working class had definitely beaten a retreat, they did not follow it into this attitude. Their socialism remained revolutionary when that of the proletariat had ceased to be so. Having to choose between the proletariat and revolution, they chose revolution; having to choose between a proletarian but moderate socialism and a nonproletarian but revolutionary and national socialism, they opted for the nonproletarian revolution, the national revolution.”

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Zeev Sternhell

Quelle: The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution, 1994, p. 27

“Like all self-respecting revolutionaries, Mussolini considered himself a Marxist. He regarded Marx as the ‘greatest theoretician of socialism’ and Marxism as the ‘scientific doctrine of class revolution.”

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Zeev Sternhell

Quelle: The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution, 1994, p. 197

“If the Fascist ideology cannot be described as a simple response to Marxism, its origins, on the other hand, were the direct result of very specific revision of Marxism. It was a revision of Marxism and not a variety of Marxism or a consequence of Marxism…It was the French and Italian Sorelians, the theoreticians of revolutionary syndicalism who made this new and original revision of Marxism, and precisely this was their contribution to the birth of the Fascist ideology.”

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Zeev Sternhell

Quelle: The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution, 1994, p. 5

“At the same time as Sorel, the revolutionary syndicalists in Italy came to this conclusion: they threw themselves enthusiastically into the war not out of patriotism, as is often thought, but because they saw it as an instrument of revolution. Since war is a conflict between nations rather than between classes, the nation was seen as the foremost agent of revolution, and Italian revolutionary syndicalism became the backbone of fascist ideology.”

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Zeev Sternhell

Quelle: Neither Left nor Right: Fascist Ideology in France, 1996, p. 21

“In the form that it emerged at the turn of the century and developed in the 1920s and 1930s, the fascist ideology represented a synthesis of organic nationalism with the antimaterialist revision of Marxism. It expressed a revolutionary aspiration based on a rejection of individualism, whether liberal or Marxist, and it created the elements of a new and original political culture.”

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Zeev Sternhell

Quelle: The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution, 1994, p. 6

“Thus, fascism adopted the economic aspect of liberalism but completely denied its philosophical principles and the intellectual and moral heritage of modernity.”

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Zeev Sternhell

Quelle: The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution, 1994, p.7

“[Fascist ideology was] a variety of socialism which, while rejecting Marxism, remained revolutionary. This form of socialism was also, by definition, anti-liberal and anti-bourgeois, and its opposition to historical materialism made it the natural ally of radical nationalism.”

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Zeev Sternhell

Quelle: Neither Left nor Right: Fascist Ideology in France, 1996, p. 268

“Marxists could be converted to national socialism, as indeed quite a number of them were, similarly, national socialism could sign treaties with Communist, exchange ambassadors, and coexist with the, if only temporarily. Nothing like this, however, applied to the Jews.”

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Zeev Sternhell

Quelle: The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution, 1994, p. 5

“It was the revolutionary syndicalists, those dissidents and nonconformists of the Left, who by means of their criticism of Marxist determinism created the first elements of the Fascist synthesis in the first decade of our century.”

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Zeev Sternhell

Quelle: The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution, 1994, p. 8

“Fascism rebelled against modernity inasmuch as modernity was identified with the rationalism, optimism, and humanism of the eighteenth century, but it was not a reactionary or an anti-revolutionary movement in the Maurrassian sense of the term. Fascism presented itself as a revolution of another kind, a revolution that sought to destroy the existing political order and to uproot its theoretical and moral foundations but that at the same time wished to preserve all the achievements of modern technology.”

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Zeev Sternhell

Quelle: The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution, 1994, p. 7

“Thus, it was quite natural that a synthesis would arise between this new socialism [fascism], which discovered the nation as a revolutionary agent, and the nationalist movement, which also rebelled against the old world of conservatives, against the aristocrats and the bourgeois, and against social injustices and which believed that the nation would never be complete until it had integrated the proletariat. A socialism for the whole collectivity and a nationalism that, severed from conservatism, proclaimed itself as being by definition the messenger of unity and unanimity thus came together to form an unprecedented weapon of war against the bourgeois order and liberal democracy.”

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Zeev Sternhell

Quelle: The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution, 1994, pp. 27-28

“Thus, the historical circumstance of the half century preceding the Second World War gave rise to the essence of fascism: a synthesis of organic nationalism and anti-Marxist socialism, a revolutionary ideology based on a simultaneous rejection of liberalism, Marxism, and democracy.”

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Zeev Sternhell

Quelle: Neither Left nor Right: Fascist Ideology in France, 1996, p. 27

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