„Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional.“

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— John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Context: We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the Government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional. 17 U.S. (4 Wheaton) 316, 421. Regarding the interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause.

John Marshall Foto

John Marshall

Außenminister der Vereinigten Staaten 1755 - 1835

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Ilana Mercer Foto

„Cannabis: The reason it's not in the Constitution is because letting states and individuals decide is in the Constitution. That thing of beauty is called the Tenth Amendment: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.“

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— Ilana Mercer South African writer
2010s, 2018, " Whodunit? Who Meddled With Out Democracy? https://www.unz.com/imercer/whodunit-who-meddled-with-our-democracy/" February 8, 2018, The Unz Review.

Felix Frankfurter Foto

„Without a free press there can be no free society. That is axiomatic. However, freedom of the press is not an end in itself but a means to the end of a free society. The scope and nature of the constitutional guarantee of the freedom of the press are to be viewed and applied in that light.“

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— Felix Frankfurter American judge 1882 - 1965
Judicial opinions, New York Times (November 28, 1954).

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John Marshall Foto

„No trace is to be found in the Constitution of an intention to create a dependence of the Government of the Union on those of the States, for the execution of the great powers assigned to it. Its means are adequate to its ends, and on those means alone was it expected to rely for the accomplishment of its ends. To impose on it the necessity of resorting to means which it cannot control, which another Government may furnish or withhold, would render its course precarious, the result of its measures uncertain, and create a dependence on other Governments which might disappoint its most important designs, and is incompatible with the language of the Constitution.“

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— John Marshall fourth Chief Justice of the United States 1755 - 1835
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Context: [.. ] it can scarcely be necessary to say that the existence of State banks can have no possible influence on the question. No trace is to be found in the Constitution of an intention to create a dependence of the Government of the Union on those of the States, for the execution of the great powers assigned to it. Its means are adequate to its ends, and on those means alone was it expected to rely for the accomplishment of its ends. To impose on it the necessity of resorting to means which it cannot control, which another Government may furnish or withhold, would render its course precarious, the result of its measures uncertain, and create a dependence on other Governments which might disappoint its most important designs, and is incompatible with the language of the Constitution. But were it otherwise, the choice of means implies a right to choose a national bank in preference to State banks, and Congress alone can make the election. After the most deliberate consideration, it is the unanimous and decided opinion of this Court that the act to incorporate the Bank of the United States is a law made in pursuance of the Constitution, and is a part of the supreme law of the land. 17 U.S. (4 Wheaton) 316, 424

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Foto

„The President of India is the constitutional head, who has no policy and programme of his own. It is the Government of the day which chooses the policy and programme to be pursued within the framework of the constitution…[would] protect and defend the Constitution.“

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— Neelam Sanjiva Reddy sixth President of India 1913 - 1996
In: Dr.Janak Raj Jai Presidents of India, 1950-2003 http://books.google.co.in/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA126, Daya Books, 1 January 2003, P.133

Hugo Black Foto

„The layman's Constitutional view is that what he likes is Constitutional and that which he doesn't like is un-Constitutional. That about measures up the Constitutional acumen of the average person.“

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— Hugo Black U.S. Supreme Court justice 1886 - 1971
News conference, Washington, D.C., reported in The New York Times (February 25, 1971), p. 38.

Rajendra Prasad Foto

„Our constitution is comparatively a new constitution. It is based largely on the model of the British Constitution. As such it has history if not ancestry, which may well go back to centuries. It is being worked I venture to presume, successfully and to the satisfaction of all concerned although within the short period of 10 years, it has had to undergo not less than 7 amendments…The constitution is largely founded on the British Constitution. There are certain differences which are obvious. The British Constitution is a unitary constitution in which the Parliament is supreme, having no other authority sharing its power of legislation except such as may be delegated. Our constitution is a federal constitution in which the powers and functions of the Union Parliament and the State Legislatures are clearly defined and the one has no power or right to encroach upon the rights and powers reserved to the other.“

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— Rajendra Prasad Indian political leader 1884 - 1963
Presidents of India, 1950-2003, From his speech given on 28 November 1960 at laying the foundation-stone of the building of the Law Institute of India, in: p. 14

„[The administrative state is legitimate because it] is consistent with the Constitution, fulfills its design, and heals a longstanding major defect.“

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— John Rohr American political scientist 1934 - 2011
To run a constitution, 1986, p. 13

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„[Legitimate Constitution]… I entirely concur in the propriety of resorting to the sense in which the Constitution was accepted and ratified by the nation. In that sense alone it is the legitimate Constitution. And if that be not the guide in expounding it, there can be no security for a consistent and stable, more than for a faithful exercise of its powers. If the meaning of the text be sought in the changeable meaning of the words composing it, it is evident that the shape and attributes of the Government must partake of the changes to which the words and phrases of all living languages are constantly subject. What a metamorphosis would be produced in the code of law if all its ancient phraseology were to be taken in its modern sense! And that the language of our Constitution is already undergoing interpretations unknown to its founders, will I believe appear to all unbiased Enquirers into the history of its origin and adoption.“

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— James Madison 4th president of the United States (1809 to 1817) 1751 - 1836
1820s, Letter to Henry Lee http://books.google.com/books?id=B0waAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA191&dq=%22In+that+sense+alone+it+is+the+legitimate+Constitution%22 (25 June 1824)

„As a mathematical object, the constitution is maximally simple, consistent, necessarily incomplete, and interpretable as a model of natural law. Political authority is allocated solely to serve the constitution. There are no authorities which are not overseen, within nonlinear structures. Constitutional language is formally constructed to eliminate all ambiguity and to be processed algorithmically. Democratic elements, along with official discretion, and legal judgment, is incorporated reluctantly, minimized in principle, and gradually eliminated through incremental formal improvement. Argument defers to mathematical expertise. Politics is a disease that the constitution is designed to cure.“

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— Nick Land British philosopher 1962
"A Republic, If You Can Keep It" https://web.archive.org/web/20140327090001/http://www.thatsmags.com/shanghai/articles/12321 (2013) (original emphasis)

„Never demand of another that which would constitute his sacrifice to you. Never grant that which would constitute your sacrifice to him.“

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— Ayn Rand Russian-American novelist and philosopher 1905 - 1982

Thomas Jefferson Foto

„I consider the foundation of the Constitution as laid on this ground: That "all powers not delegated to the United States, by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States or to the people."“

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— Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States of America 1743 - 1826
1790s, To take a single step beyond the boundaries thus specially drawn around the powers of Congress, is to take possession of a boundless field of power, no longer susceptible of any definition. The incorporation of a bank, and the powers assumed by this bill, have not, in my opinion, been delegated to the United States, by the Constitution... They are not among the powers specially enumerated... Opinion against the constitutionality of a National Bank (1791), also quoted in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson "Memorial Edition" (20 Vols., 1903-04) edited by Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh, Vol. 3, p. 146

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„In the case of all things which have a certain constitution, whatever harm“

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— Marcus Aurelius Emperor of Ancient Rome 121 - 180
Meditations (c. 121–180 AD), Book X, Context: In the case of all things which have a certain constitution, whatever harm may happen to any of them, that which is affected becomes consequently worse; but in like case, a man becomes both better... and more worthy of praise, by making the right use of these accidents. X, 33

Marcus Aurelius Foto

„Every being ought to do that which is according to its constitution; and all other things have been constituted for the sake of the superior, but the rational for the sake of one another.“

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— Marcus Aurelius Emperor of Ancient Rome 121 - 180
Meditations (c. 121–180 AD), Book VII, VII, 55

Ilana Mercer Foto

„The Articles of Confederation, which were usurped in favor of the Constitution at the Philadelphia convention, are better founding documents than the Constitution.“

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— Ilana Mercer South African writer
2010s, 2015, “Is Anarcho-Capitalism Compatible with Natural Justice?” http://www.unz.com/article/is-anarcho-capitalism-compatible-with-natural-justice/ Unz Review, April 3, 2015.

„There can be not the least doubt that an Islamic constitution to be evolved thirteen centuries after the Right-Guided Caliphs may legitimately differ from that which was valid in and for their time.“

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— Muhammad Asad Austro-Hungarian writer and academic 1900 - 1992
The Principles of State and Government in Islam (1961), Chapter 2: Terminology And Historical Precedent, p 27

Michael J. Sandel Foto

„This liberalism says, in other words, that what makes the just society just is not the telos or purpose or end at which it aims, but precisely its refusal to choose in advance among competing purposes and ends. In its constitution and its laws, the just society seeks to provide a framework within which its citizens can pursue their own values and ends, consistent with a similar liberty for others“

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— Michael J. Sandel American political philosopher 1953
The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self, 1984

„Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Etiam egestas wisi a erat. Morbi imperdiet, mauris ac auctor dictum.“

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