„The internal tendencies of every organism, if isolated, lead to its disintegration. But the processes of the wider system sustain and modify those internal tendencies by "nourishing" them and gradually increasing the mutual conformity of organism and environment.“

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— Lancelot Law Whyte

Quelle: The Next Development in Man (1948), p. 36

Übernommen aus Wikiquote. Letzte Aktualisierung 3. Juni 2021.

Lancelot Law Whyte62

Scottish industrial engineer 1896 - 1972

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— Daniel Katz American psychologist 1903 - 1998

Quelle: The Social Psychology of Organizations (1966), p. 34

„Every isolated determinate dynamic system, obeying unchanging laws, will ultimately develop some sort of organisms that are adapted to their environments.“

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— W. Ross Ashby British psychiatrist 1903 - 1972

Ashby (1962), quoted in: V. Lawrence Parsegian (1972) This cybernetic world of men, machines, and earth systems'. p. 178: About the principle of self-organization

„Mauritius will continue to pursue its engagement with its friendly partners and international organizations with the objective of generating mutual goodwill and building stronger relationships.“

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— Alan Ganoo Mauritian politician 1951

Quelle: Alan Ganoo (2022) cited in: " Foreign Minister reiterates Mauritius's Commitment in Building Stronger Ties with its Friendly Partners https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/press-releases/story/Foreign_Minister_reiterates_Mauritiuss_Commitment_in_Building_Stronger_Ties_with_its_Friendly_Partners-AFPR1901202210498/" in Zawya, 19 January 2022.

„The tendency of life is not the preservation of the species, but solely the preservation of each individual organism, as long as it is in existence at all, and is able to carry on its life processes.“

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— Boris Sidis American psychiatrist 1867 - 1923

Quelle: Nervous Ills their Cause and Cure (1922), p. 20

„The social system is, thus, a very complex entity. As an organization of human interests, activities and commitments, it must be viewed as a system and in functional perspective. This is the key to its lines of organization, its modes of differentiation, and its integration. Such a system may be considered as both structure and process, in different aspects and for different scientific purposes. Structurally, we have suggested that there is a double basis for systematizing differentiation and variation : that internal to the primary social system itself and that involved in its relations to its primary environments, as analyzed with reference to the general system of action. Processually, the categories of analysis must follow from and integrate with those of structure. I suggest that, given the central position language as definitive of human society, the more differentiated and specialized symbolic media of interchange constitute the master scheme for the systematic analysis of social system processes.“

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— Talcott Parsons American sociologist 1902 - 1979

Talcott Parsons (1968) "Systems Analysis: Social Systems" in: David L. Sills ed. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. p. 472

„The natural tendency of the market is to increase the scope of the social relations that it covers, because entrepreneurs see opportunities at the edge to turn what is not yet a commodity into one. Left to itself, the capitalist dynamic is self-sustaining, and socialists therefore need the power of organized politics to oppose it: their capitalist opponents, who go with the grain of the system, need that power less“

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— Gerald Cohen Canadian philosopher 1941 - 2009

which is not to say that they lack it!
V. Coda
Why Not Socialism? (2009)

„As coordination contains all the principles of organization, it likewise expresses all the purposes of organization, in so far as these purposes relate to its internal structure. To avoid confusion we must keep in mind that there are always two objectives of organization, the internal and the external. The latter may be anything, according to the purpose or interest that calls the group together, but the internal objective is coordinative always.“

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— James D. Mooney American businessman 1884 - 1957

Quelle: Onward Industry!, 1931, p. 20

„Contingency theory is guided by the general orienting hypothesis that organizations whose internal features best match the demands of their environments will achieve the best adaptation.“

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— W. Richard Scott American sociologist 1932

W. Richard Scott (1992). Organizations: rational, natural, and open systems. p. 89

„The world is full of self-organizing systems, systems that form structures not merely in response to inputs from outside but also, indeed primarily, in response to their own internal logic. Global weather is a self-organizing system; so, surely, is the global economy.“

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— Paul Krugman American economist 1953

Quelle: The Self-Organizing Economy (1996), Chapter 9. Concluding Thoughts

„In an isolated system, which cannot exchange energy and matter with the surroundings, this tendency is expressed in terms of a function of the macroscopic state of the system: the entropy.“

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— Ilya Prigogine physical chemist 1917 - 2003

Part 2; Cited in: Evgenii Rudnyi (2013).
Thermodynamics of Evolution (1972)

„Social organizations are flagrantly open systems in that the input of energies and the conversion of output into further energy input consists of transactions between the organization and its environment.“

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— Daniel Katz American psychologist 1903 - 1998

Quelle: The Social Psychology of Organizations (1966), p. 16-17

„Interaction is the mode of life of living organisms. Each must feed on its environment, ingesting chemicals or other organisms. This is something more than "interaction", it is activity directed towards the environment. Since the organism must be selective in what it ingests, it needs to discriminate among the entities in its environment. From very primitive forms of discrimination, the sensory mechanisms of organisms have evolved into the senses of man, interpreted by an internal cognitive apparatus, memories of past experiences, and an ability to take rational decisions. By "rational" I mean activity that achieves intended results because it is based on a reliable understanding of the nature of the environment. In interacting with each other to carry out tasks jointly, men have further developed language, leading to a shared understanding of the environment. This shared understanding is knowledge.“

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— Brian Campbell Vickery British information theorist 1918 - 2009

Brian Vickery (2009) " The development of knowledge http://web.archive.org/web/20100125043520/http://www.lucis.me.uk/devtknow.htm" on lucis.me.uk, 2009.

„Laughter is a form of internal jogging. It moves your internal organs around. It enhances respiration. It is an igniter of great expectations.“

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— Norman Cousins American journalist 1915 - 1990

http://books.google.com/books?id=feWS3EhzaRwC&q=%22laughter+is+a+form+of+internal+jogging+It+moves+your+internal+organs+around+It+enhances+respiration+It+is+an+igniter+of+great+expectations%22&pg=PA217#v=onepage
Human Options (1981)

„An organization is a subordinate system of a specific larger system, the cooperative system, whose components are physical, biological, and personal systems. The relations with other organizations… are outside this specific cooperative system. Other organizations are a part of the social environment of the organization. It is for this reason I have used the phrase "complex of organizations" rather than "system." Usually the most significant relationships of a unit organization are those with the specific cooperative system of which it is a part. It is this system which primarily and on the whole in most instances determines the chief conditions of the organization's existence.“

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— Chester Barnard, buch The Functions of the Executive

Quelle: The Functions of the Executive (1938), p. 98-99, footnote

„Ludwig von Bertalanffy's formulation enables exchange processes between the organism, or organisation, and the elements in its environment to be dealt with in a new perspective, it does not deal at all with those processes in the environment itself which are among the determining conditions of the exchanges. To analyse these an additional concept is needed - the causal texture of the environment.“

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— Eric Trist British scientist 1909 - 1993

Quelle: The Causal Texture of Organizational Environments (1963), p. 20, cited in: Academy of International Business, University of Hawaii at Manoa. College of Business Administration (1982) Proceedings of the Academy of International Business: Asia-Pacific Dimensions of International Business, December 18-20, 1982, Honolulu, Hawaii. p. 163

„Every social system is a functioning entity. That is, it is a system of interdependent structures and processes such that it tends to maintain a relative stability and distinctiveness of pattern and behaviour as an entity by contrast with its - social or other - environment, and with it a relative independence from environmental forces. It "responds", to be sure, to the environmental stimuli, but is not completely assimilated to its environment, maintaining rather an element of distinctiveness in the face of variations in environmental conditions. To this extent it is analogous to an organism“

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— Talcott Parsons American sociologist 1902 - 1979

Talcott Parsons (1942) "Propaganda and Social Control". in: Parsons (1954) Essays in sociological theory http://archive.org/details/sociologicaltheo00pars , p. 143

„I've long believed alas, that in highly organized industrial societies, capitalist or socialist, the stronger tendency is to converge — that if steel or automobiles are wanted and must be made on a large scale, the process will stamp its imprint on the society, whether that me be Magnitogorsk or Gary, Indiana.“

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— John Kenneth Galbraith American economist and diplomat 1908 - 2006

Quelle: The Age of Uncertainty (1977), Chapter 2, p. 84

„What is happening and what may happen in the Nagorno-Karabakh and all the occupied lands is our internal affair. No international organization or country can interfere with our internal affair“

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— Ilham Aliyev 4th President of Azerbaijan from 2003 1961

While receiving a group of servicemen on the anniversary of the April victories of the Azerbaijani army (31 March 2017) http://en.apa.az/nagorno_karabakh/ilham-aliyev-nagorno-karabakh-conflict-is-azerbaijan-s-internal-affair.html
Nagorno-Karabakh

„The strength of an organization lies in precise coordination of its parts, in strict correspondence of various mutually connected functions. This coordination is maintained through constant growth in tektological variety, but not without bounds:... there comes a moment when the parts of the whole become too differentiated in their organization and their resistance to the surrounding environment weakens. This leads sooner or later to disorganization.“

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— Alexander Bogdanov Physician, philosopher, writer 1873 - 1928

Quelle: Tektology. The Universal Organizational Science, 1922, p. 248, as cited in: George Gorelik, " Reemergence of Bogdanov's Tektology in Soviet Studies of Organization http://monoskop.org/images/0/00/Gorelik_George_1975_Reemergence_of_Bogdanovs_Tektology_in_Soviet_Studies_of_Organization.pdf." Academy of Management Journal 18.2 (1975): 345-357.

„The higher the intellectual potential of people, the broader their tendency to self-organization, the more of its functions will be delegated by the government to other communities. Quite true is also the argument that the more responsibility and competence the government delegates to the society, the more is realized its ability to self-organization.“

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— Tigran Sargsyan Economist, politician 1960

The End of State http://www.gov.am/files/docs/217.pdf
2008

„The internal tendencies of every organism, if isolated, lead to its disintegration. But the processes of the wider system sustain and modify those internal tendencies by "nourishing" them and gradually increasing the mutual conformity of organism and environment.“

Lancelot Law Whyte62

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