Zitate von Robert E. Machol

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Robert E. Machol

Geburtstag: 16. Oktober 1917
Todesdatum: 12. November 1998

Robert Engel Machol was an American systems engineer and professor of systems at the Kellogg Graduate School of Management of Northwestern University. Machol wrote the earliest significant books directly related to systems engineering. He was also Chief Scientist for the Federal Aviation Administration, President of the Operations Research Society of America, and an encyclopedia editor. Wikipedia

Zitate Robert E. Machol

„If the assumptions are wrong, the conclusions aren't likely to be very good.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Cited in: Norman Pascoe (2011) Reliability Technology: Principles and Practice of Failure Prevention in Electronic Systems. Ch. 5
Principles of Operations Research (1975)

„The conclusions of most good operations research studies are obvious.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Cited in: Paul Dickson (1999) The official rules and explanations. p. 14
Machol named this the "Billings Phenomenon". Dickson explains: "The name refers to a well-known Billings story in which a farmer becomes concerned that his black horses are eating more than his white horses. He does a detailed study of the situation and finds that he has more black horses than white horses, Machol points out."
Principles of Operations Research (1975)

„The lack of formal definition does not prevent us from noting the characteristics which are frequently present in large scale systems. Each such system has a certain integrity. It may or may not be rigidly controlled from some central point, but in every case, all the parts of the system have some common purpose; in some sense, they all contribute to the production of a single set of optimum outputs from the given set of inputs, with respect to some appropriate measure of effectiveness.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: System Engineering (1957), p. 5; As cited in: Allen B. Rosenstein (1965) " Systems engineering and Modern Engineering Design http://books.google.com/books?id=HDp9ReqM314C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false"

„We assert that it is possible to describe analytically any human function which can be reasonably defined in objective terms and we specifically include in such functions "thinking" insofar as that term is definable. If by "thinking" one means being able to do arithmetic, or play a good game of chess, or learn from experience, or make optimal decisions in exceedingly complex situations, then we assert that thinking can be described analytically. And there are two important corollaries: if It can be described analytically, it can be simulated; and if it can be simulated, it can be performed mechanically.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: Information and Decision Processes (1960), p. viii-ix

„Every large-scale system is an information system. The automatic factory, the vehicular-traffic system, any military system- in the design of all these systems, primary attention should be given to the flow of information about the elements of the system.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: System Engineering (1957), p. 316

„We have discovered in this past decade that thinking, and decision, are not solely the province of the metaphysicist, but are appropriate subjects for scientific inquiry.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: Information and Decision Processes (1960), p. viii

„The fellow who is able to get the grants and contracts is the fellow who gets the doctoral students. Each student publishes two or three papers on his thesis, in each of which he cites his professor's work. Then he goes on and does his own subsequent work, in which, of course, he cites those thesis papers which were coauthorised by his professor.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Robert Machol in: " Now it is to be cited or perish http://books.google.com/books?id=wHphHUhDk7wC&pg=PA491." New Scientist. Vol. 67, nr. 964. August 28, 1974. p. 491

„Everyone knows what engineering is. All that's left is to define systems, and I'm not fool enough to do that.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: Mathematicians are useful (1971), p. 1: Machol explains his definition of systems engineering.

„There are four distinct bases on which a system-design book might be organized. First are the chronological phases through which the system-design effort passes, such as organization and preliminary design. Second are the logical steps such as analysis of the single thread (operation on a single input) and high traffic (methods of handling multiplex inputs). Third are the parts of the system, such as communications and displays. Fourth are the tools of system design, such as information theory and queueing theory.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: System Engineering (1957), p. 8

„A new concept and a new method were needed. The concept from the engineering standpoint is the evolution of the engineering scientist, i. e., the scientific generalist who maintains a broad outlook. The method is that of the team approach. On large-scale-system problems, teams of scientists and engineers, generalists as well as specialists, exert their joint efforts to find a solution and physically realize it.
We are led to the concept of the system-design team, a small group of engineers or scientists, to lead a large project and organize the system effort. Such men have been variously called engineering scientists, system engineers, system analysts, or large-scale-system designers. The technique has been variously called the systems approach or the team development method. It is toward this man and his teammates that these discussions are directed. With the realization that not enough can be learned in all the required fields to make him a specialist, enough is introduced to make him aware of the language and problems of the specialist. This generalist is a new quantity in the engineering world, and his education must be begun.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: System Engineering (1957), p. 8

„At this time it is difficult to put one's finger on any single contribution in the decade 1950 - 1960 which is comparable to those above, and yet progress has probably been even greater. From the point of view of an educator, one cannot overlook the wide distribution which has been given to these ideas. There has been remarkable progress from analysis to synthesis, always a sign of maturity in a field of analytic endeavour. There has been consolidation, for example in the establishment of a more rigorous basis for information theory; there has been unification, for example in the demonstration of the formal similarity between game theory and linear programming; there has been application to mathematically more difficult situations, for example nonlinear servo systems and information channels with memory; there has been implementation, as in commercially available computers which by any reasonable measure are hun- dreds of times more powerful than the primitive devices of 1950; there has been de-limitation of the boundaries of many of these fields.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: Information and Decision Processes (1960), p. viii

„Management has a design and operation function, as does engineering. The design is usually done under the heading of organization. It should be noted first that the performance of a group of people is a strong function of the capabilities of the individuals and a rather weak function of the way they are organized. That is, good people do a fairly good job under almost any organization and a somewhat better one when the organization is good. Poor talent does a poor job with a bad organization, but it is still a poor job no matter what the organization. Repeated reorganizations are noted in groups of individuals poorly suited to their function, though no amount of good organization will give good performance. The best architectural design fails with poor bricks and mortar. But the payoff from good organization with good people is worthwhile.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: System Engineering (1957), p. 514; As cited in: Joseph E. Kasser (2010) " Seven systems engineering myths and the corresponding realities http://www.synergio.nl/media/59286/7_myths_of_se.pdf"

„There comes a time when one must stop suggesting and evaluating new solutions, and get on with the job of analyzing and implementing one pretty good solution.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Cited in: " Joke, Anecdotes, etc http://www.moshe-online.com/worms/jokes/jokes.html" by Moshe Sniedovich, 2013
Principles of Operations Research (1975)

„Most accidents in well-designed systems involve two or more events of low probability occurring in the worst possible combination.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Cited in: Richard K. Betts (1982) Surprise attack: lessons for defense planning. p. 158
Principles of Operations Research (1975)

„The purpose and real value of systems engineering is… to keep going around the loop; find inadequacies and make improvements.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: Mathematicians are useful (1971), p. 1

„[There is a] basic problem … of building a mathematical model of thought processes, and in particular of those aspects of thought which are concerned with information and decision processes. The perceptron is one type of model -- a set of memory devices connected in random fashion-- which has not yet achieved useful results but certainly seems to be a promising approach. The self-adaptive feedback control system which goes beyond the normal servo function of controlling its output, and in addition controls the parameters by which it controls its output is another which has already achieved pragmatic results in equipment control. It may be that the question of self-adaptation is a key to the whole question of how the human functions in a decisioning situation. For in many cases the ability of the human mind to adapt itself to a changing and complex environment is beyond our present aims in model construction.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

p ix-x
Information and Decision Processes (1960)

„Scientists possess healthy skepticism. They realize that you've got to know the answer before you measure it.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: Mathematicians are useful (1971), p. 1:

„Sometimes it is more difficult to formulate the criterion for a problem than to state the question itself.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: Information and Decision Processes (1960), p. xi

„The ideal system engineer is an engineer thoroughly versed in his field but conversant with and knowledgeable of other fields. You have to have the capability and desire to become a 'six-month expert'… You've got to want to become a generalist, too.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: Mathematicians are useful (1971), p. 1

„[Systems should be classified] on the basis of the types of inputs with which they must cope.“

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—  Robert E. Machol

Quelle: System Engineering (1957), p. 299; As cited in: Thomas C. Ford (2008) Interoperability Measurement. p. 146

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